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Biology 201 > Integumentary system > Flashcards

Integumentary system Flashcards

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1
Q

what is a serous membrane (serosa)

A

thin coverings over surfaces in ventral body cavity

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2
Q

what are the two layers of a serous membrane

A

parietal and visceral (serosa)

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3
Q

what does the parietal serosa line

A

lines internal body cavity walls (outside of the membrane)

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4
Q

what does the visceral serosa cover

A

covers internal organs (viscera)

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5
Q

what separates the double layer in the serous membrane?

A

serous fluid separate layers

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6
Q

what is fiscia

A

a word that describes a sheet or band of connective tissue that lies just below the skin

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7
Q

what is the purpose of fascia

A

attach skin to underlying structures (muscles mostly)

separate muscles and organs

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8
Q

what are the three classifications of fascia

A

superficial
deep
visceral and parietal

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9
Q

what does the superficial fascia do

A

blends the dermis with other structures

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10
Q

what does the deep fascia do

A

separates muscles

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11
Q

what do the visceral and parietal fascia do

A

supports, covers, and separates internal organs

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12
Q

what are the two main regions of the skin

A

epidermis and dermis

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13
Q

where is the epidermis in relation to skin, its tissue type, and is avascular or vascular

A

superficial region, epithelial tissue and is avascular

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14
Q

where is dermis, what tissue type, and is it avascular or vascular

A

under epidermis, fibrous connective tissue, vascular

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15
Q

what is the hypodermis, what tissues, and its purpose

A

subcutaneous layer deep to skin, adipose tissue and areolar connective tissue
absorbs shock and insulates
anchors skin to underlying structures (muscles)

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16
Q

what are the 6 functions of the integumentary system?

A 
protection
body temp regulation
synthesis of vitamin D
excretion
sensation
immune function
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17
Q

how does the skin regulate body temp

A

constrict if cold and dilate if hot

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18
Q

what is the process of vitamin D synthesis

A

cholecalciferol into skin -> liver -> calcitriol in kidney (finished vitamin D)

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19
Q

What is rickets and its relation to vitamin D

A

weak bone die to lack of calcium and phosphorus

due to lack of vitamin D so it cannot be absorbed

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20
Q

what are the thickness of thick and thin epidermis (stratified squamous epithelial)

A

.1-.15 mm

.5-4.5 mm

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21
Q

where is thick skin found (stratified squamous epithelial)

A

in palms and feet

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22
Q

is the epidermis avascular or vascular

A

avascular

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23
Q

what are epidermal ridges

A

project into dermis and keep the two together

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24
Q

what are the epidermal 5 cell types (top to bottom respectively)

A 
keratinocytes 
langerhans (dendritic cells) 
merkel (tactile cells)
melanocytes 
stem cells (basal cells)
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25
Q

stem cells (basal cells) epidermis

  • what layer
  • purpose
A

Stratum basale layer

attaches to dermis and give rise to keranitocytes

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26
Q

Melanocytes

  • what layer
  • purpose
A

Stratum basale layer

produce the protein melanin (pigment)

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27
Q

Merkel (tactile) cells

  • what layer
  • purpose
A

Stratum basale
Mechanoreceptor: make contact with sensory neurons to elicit sensation of light touch
only sensory cell in epidermis

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28
Q

What is a merkel’s disc two components

A

merkel cell and nerve ending

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29
Q

Langerhans (dendritic) cells

  • what layer
  • what purpose
A 
Stratum spinosum 
immune cells (phagocytic) that respond against microbes and cancers and can call other immune cells
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30
Q

Keranitocytes

-purpose and what is produced

A

most abundant cell type
synthesize and accumulate the protein keratin
produce lamellar granules or lipid secretions

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31
Q

how many layers are in the epidermis

A

4-5 layers

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32
Q

what do lemellar granules do?

A

moisturize skin

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33
Q

what are the 5 layers respective deep to superficial

A

stratum basale -> stratum spinosum -> stratum granulosum -> (stratum lucidum) -> stratum corneum

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34
Q

stratum basale

  • layer size
  • purpose
  • what cells
A

single cell of cuboidal and columnar cells
source of cell renewal
melanocytes and merkel cells

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35
Q

stratum spinosum

  • layer size
  • purpose
  • what cells
A

8-10 layers of keratinocytes
keratinocytes appear spikey (prickle cells) and contain a web of intermediate filaments connected to desmosomes to resists pull and friction
melancytes and langerhans cells

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36
Q

stratum granulosum

  • layer size
  • purpose
  • what is released?
A

3-5 cell layers
disintegration of organelles
release lamellar granules

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37
Q 
stratum lucidum (only thick skin)
-what is this layer made of and what is its purpose
A

densly packed keratinocytes

reduce friction

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38
Q

stratum corneum

  • layer size
  • what does it lack
  • purpose
A

15-30 layers
lack nuclei
water resistant and provides protection

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39
Q

in what layer is the melanocytes found

A

stratum basale

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40
Q

what do melanocytes contain and what do they synthesis

A

melanosomes

melanin (from amino acid tyrosine)

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41
Q

how does melanin travel and what does it provide

A

exocytosis and cells take it in and it surrounds the nucleus to protect from sunlight (UV)

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42
Q

what 2 things can affect the pigmentation of epidermis

A

melanin and carotene

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43
Q

how does blood flow affect epidermis pigmentation?

4 colors

A

bright red if oxygenated
dark red/purple if deoxygenated
blue if not enough oxygen in blood
pale if decreased blood flow

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44
Q

what is the papillary layer

A

superficial layer of areolar connective tissue consisting of loose, interlacing collagen and elastic fibers and blood vessels

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45
Q

what are dermal papillae

A

fingerlike projections up into epidermis containing capillary loops, free nerve endings, and meissners corpuscles

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46
Q

how much % does the reticular layer take up of dermal thickness

A

80%

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47
Q

what are the two fibers in reticular layer

A

elastic- provide stretch recoil

collagen- strong and bind water (skin hydration)

48
Q

what is the cutaneous plexus

A

network of blood vessels between reticular layer and hypodermis

49
Q

what is glabrous skin

A

skin with no hair

50
Q

what is a corpuscle

A

bag of skin that surrounds a nerve

51
Q

Mechanoreceptors: merkel’s disks

  • what layer
  • how does it receive sense of touch
A

stratum basale

touch and pressure (especially glabrous skin)

52
Q

Mechanoreceptors: meissner’s corpuscle

  • what layer
  • how does it receive sense of touch
A

dermal papillae

to fine touch and pressure

53
Q

Mechanoreceptors: ruffini corpuscle

  • what layer
  • how does it receive sense of touch
A

deep dermis

skin distortion and pressure

54
Q

Mechanoreceptors: pacinian corpuscle

  • what layer
  • how does it receive sense of touch
  • special property
A

deep dermis/hypodermis
deep pressure and vibration
can take form to things (like a ring)

55
Q

Mechanoreceptors: nerve endings

  • what does it surround
  • how does it receive sense of touch
A

surround hair root

sensitive to hair movement

56
Q

Nails: nail root description

A

contains stratum basale that gives rise to nail

57
Q

Nails: nail body description

A

visible portion of the nail

58
Q

Nails: nail bed description

A

the epidermal layer below the nail body

59
Q

Nails: lunula description

A

base of nail where blood vessels are not visible (white spot on nail)

60
Q

Nails: cuticle (eponychium) description

A

extension of stratum corneum from the root over base of nail (skin liz takes off)

61
Q

what are the 4 purposes of hair

A

warning system (bug on skin)
protect heat lost
protect from physical trauma (hair on head)
protect from sunlight

62
Q

Hair: keratin description

A

a fibrous protein that protects epithelial cells in the skin. extemely tough (found in hair)

63
Q

where is keratin produced in hair

A

hair follicles

64
Q

Hair: Vellus hair description

A

small, short, and delicate

65
Q

Hair: terminal hair description

A

large, course, and usually pigmented

66
Q

Hair: Follicle description

A

thin pocket of epidermis within surrounding connective tissue sheath

67
Q

Hair: Hair papilla description

A

indentation (bottom notch) in connective tissue and the very bottom tip of hair (blood vessels)

68
Q

Hair: Hair bulb description

A

Surrounds papilla and is site of production (most active)

69
Q

Hair: hair root description

A

anchors hair, extends from base to halfway to skin surface

70
Q

Hair: hair shaft description

A

extends from halfway to surface (dead keratin)

71
Q

Hair: arrector pili muscle description

A

pulls hair to stand on end and goosebumps

72
Q

how much does hair grow a day on the scalp

A

.33 mm

73
Q

where is the hair matrix and what is it the site of

A

within hair bulb and site of epidermal stem cells

74
Q

what are the three layers to hair growth (in order of less to more keratin and middle to outer layers)

A

Medulla, cortex, cuticle

75
Q

what is Adrogenic alopecia and what does it cause

A

hormonal influence of hair growth on a genetically prone scalp and it causes pattern baldness

76
Q

what is the process to create dihydrotestosterone (DHT)

A

testosterone -> 5 alpha reductase -> dihydrotestosterone

77
Q

what causes male pattern baldness

A

dihydrotestosterone (DHT)

78
Q

Modes of glandular secretion: merocrine

A

exocytosis

79
Q

Modes of glandular secretion: apocrine

A

top of cell breaks off

80
Q

Modes of glandular secretion: holocrine

A

cell bursts then is released

81
Q

what is a common holocrine secretion and what is it made of

A

Sebum- complex mixture of lipids

82
Q

what is the 3 functions of sebum

A

waterproofing, moisturizing, antimicrobial action

83
Q

where are most sebaceous (sebum) glands found and not found

A

from hair follicles and not in thick skin

84
Q

Sweat (sudoriferous) glands two types

A

eccrine (merocrine) glands and apocrine sweat gland (BOTH MEROCRINE GLANDS)

85
Q

Eccrine (merocrine) gland: found where and what is its products ingredients?

A

found everywhere without a hair follicle

99% water, salts, vitamin C, antibodies, dermcidin, metabolic wastes

86
Q

What do eccrine (merocrine) glands regulate and what activates them

A

regulate temp of body and is activated by the nervous system

87
Q

what is the difference between eccrine and apocrine sweat glands?

A

apocrine are connected to hair (armpits) and associated with sweat (remember both are merocrine)

88
Q

what does the word cera mean?

A

wax

89
Q

what are ceruminous glands and what do they combine

A

combine sebum and their own secretion to form a wax like, thick substance

90
Q

what is basal cell carcinoma (non melanoma) and is it lethal

A

most common skin cancer but least lethal (75% if all skin cancer)

91
Q

what is squamous cell carcinoma (non melanoma) and how common and lethal

A

second most common type of skin cancer, more aggressive than basal cell carcinoma

92
Q

what is melignant melanoma (melanoma) and is it lethal

A

cancerous melanocytes and most aggressive

93
Q

What is the A of skin cancer

A

assymetry (nonuniform in appearance)

94
Q

What is the B of skin cancer

A

border (irregular outline)

95
Q

What is the C of skin cancer

A

color (mixture of colors)

96
Q

What is the D of skin cancer

A

diameter (larger than 5mm-pencil eraser)

97
Q

What is the E of skin cancer

A

evolving (changes in ABCD)

98
Q

how deep does a first degree burn go?

A

epidermis

99
Q

how deep does a second degree burn go?

A

epidermis, dermis

100
Q

how deep does a third degree burn go?

A

epidermis, dermis, hypodermis

101
Q

how deep does a fourth degree burn go?

A

epidermis, dermis, hypodermis, muscle and bone

102
Q

first and second degree burns are what thickness of burns?

A

parietal

103
Q

third and fourth degree burns are what thickness of burns?

A

full

104
Q

rule of nines in burns meaning

A

% of body burned

105
Q

Rule of nines %: anterior head and neck

A

4 1/2%

106
Q

Rule of nines %: posterior head and neck

A

4 1/2%

107
Q

Rule of nines %: anterior trunk

A

18%

108
Q

Rule of nines %: posterior trunk

A

18%

109
Q

Rule of nines %: anterior right arm (forearm)

A

4 1/2%

110
Q

Rule of nines %: posterior right arm

A

4 1/2%

111
Q

Rule of nines %: perineum (genitals)

A

1%

112
Q

Rule of nines %: anterior right leg

A

9%

113
Q

Rule of nines %: posterior right leg

A

9%

114
Q

Rule of nines %: anterior left leg

A

9%

115
Q

Rule of nines %: posterior left leg

A

9%

116
Q

Rule of nines %: anterior left arm (forearm)

A

4 1/2%

117
Q

Rule of nines %: posterior left arm

A

4 1/2%

Biology 201 (8 decks)

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