Unit 2 - Human Flashcards by Andrew Graham

What is Natural Increase?

Birth Rate - Death Rate

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Give 4 factors that cause an increase in Birth Rate?

Children needed for work
Children can look after parents in old age
Some religions ban use of contraception
High infant mortality means more babies born, more may survive

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Give 4 factors that cause Death Rate to decrease?

Improvements in Health Care
Better access to Health Care
Clean water supply
Better sanitation

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Give 3 uses of GIS?

Generating computerised maps for emergency services
Plotting flood risk maps
Planning administrative boundaries for councils

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Give 4 benefits of GIS?

Lots of information can be shown
Easier to understand and see patterns
More people can access it through smartphones
Public services use GIS to improve their service

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Give 4 negatives of GIS?

Some systems require expensive software
Some software is complicated and may require training
If too many layers are added to a map it may be confusing
Some skills are required to interpret geographical context in maps

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What 3 factors affect Population growth and change?

Birth rate
Death rate
Migration

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When looking at a population pyramid, what do you analyse?

Top, sides and bottom

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What is the term used for the age group that does not work and earn money?

Aged - dependent and youth - dependent

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How to calculate Dependency Ratio?

Youth Dependent (0-14) + Aged Dependent (65+)
---------------------------------------------------------  X 100
                 Working Population (15-64)

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What 4 push and pull factors may affect Migration?

Economic
Social
Political
Environmental

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What is the site of a settlement?

The actual place a settlement is built

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What is the Location/Situation of a settlement?

Where it is located in relation to surrounding features such as other settlements, mountains, rivers

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Name the 3 main type of settlement sites?

Wet point site
Defensive site
Bridging point

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What is a wet point site?

A site where the settlement is right next to a water source

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What is a defensive site?

Sites where the settlement is built on the top of a hill, or the inside of a meander. A site which is easily defended

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What is a bridging point site?

Sites where a settlement is built on a place where it is easy to cross a river

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What is a settlement hierarchy?

When settlements are placed in order of importance

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Give the settlement hierarchy?

Hamlet –> Village –> Small Town –> Large Town –> City –> Capital City or Conurbation

As you go higher up the settlement hierarchy, how is population affected?

It increases

What are Low Order goods and services?

Goods and services which we usually buy or use everyday

What are middle order goods and services?

We generally buy on a monthly basis

What are high order goods and services?

Goods and services which we buy and use very rarely

As you go up the settlement hierarchy how is the order of goods and services affected?

Services and goods become higher order, although low order services still remain in the settlement

What is the range of a product or service?

The maximum distance people travel to buy or use it. Low order goods have low range, high order have high range

What is the threshold of a product or service?

The number of customers needed to make an enterprise profitable

Give 3 other factors which may have an impact on the sphere of influence of a settlement?

Function of a settlement Accessibility Level of competition of rival settlements

What is the Burgess Model?

A model which illustrates Land Use Zones in Settlements and their locations

Where is the Central Business District? What land use zones come after it?

It is in the very centre of the city, and is surrounded by a: - Inner City - Suburban Residential - Industrial Zones - Rural - Urban Fringe

Give 5 characteristics of Central Business District?

``` High Concentration of shops High land value Little residential Nodal point for transport routes High concentration ```

Give 5 characteristics of Inner City Land use zones?

``` Urban Decay and Dereliction High crime rate and unemployment Multiple occupancy homes Some areas dominated by Student Accomodation High population density ```

Give 5 characteristics of Suburban land use zones?

``` Inner Suburbs have Inter War Housing Outer Suburbs have Post War Housing Detached single family homes Low population density Some areas have some services and light industry ```

Give 5 characteristics of Industrial land use zones?

``` Old industries located in inner city Associate with transport links eg. Railways Old buildings Surrounded by old housing Modern Industry built in outskirts ```

Give 5 characteristics of Rural - Urban Fringe land use zones?

Recycling and park and ride facilities are provided Airports and large hospitals located in these areas too Largely open countryside Badly maintained hedgerows and woodland Most inhabitants commute in to city for work

What is a resource?

Anything that we use and rely on can be called a resource

What is a natural resource?

A substance that can be obtained from the environment

What is a human resource?

Skills and abilities of people

What are non renewable resources?

Resources that can only be used once

What are renewable resources?

Resources that can be used over and over again

What 2 things cause a higher demand for resources?

Rapid population growth | Increased consumption

Give 3 ways in which waste has become a major issue for the UK?

- Shortage of landfill sites, lots are already full, people don't want more - Environmental and health concerns, people worry about chemicals and toxic gas from waste - Government targets, EU will fine the UK if they don't have less than a 1/3 of their waste in landfill

Describe the waste hierarchy?

Reduce Reuse Recycle Dispose Goes from most sustainable at the top to least sustainable at the bottom

Give 4 ways tourism has increased since the 1960s?

- Increased leisure time - Increased disposable income - Cheaper Travel - Increased health and wealth of pensioners

Give 1 positive and 1 negative of tourism on the economy?

Positive: Jobs created in hotels, restaurants, souvenir shops, etc. Negative: Money earned from tourism often lost to local economy, because tourism may use migrant workers, who will send their wages home

Give 1 positive and 1 negative of tourism on the environment?

Positive: Local councils often take better care of historic buildings and scenic countryside Negative: Wildlife and ecosystems can be endangered by the litter, sewage and other pollution created by tourists

Give 1 positive and 1 negative of tourism on the culture?

Positive: Visitors and local people get the chance to learn each others culture Negative: Local young people can become involved with crime associated with tourism resorts