Unit 2 Flashcards (DO NOT USE)
Explain what photoreceptors are.
-gather invisual invformation by absorbing light
-sends electrical signals to other retinal neurons for initial processing and integration
-signals sent via optic nerves through parts of the brain.
-processes the image, allows us to see
retinal neurons; in the retina that process visual images and send them to the brain
Explain what gray matter is made up of.
-cell bodies
-dendrites
-short, unmyelinated axons
Explain what white matter is made up of.
-myelinated axons
Explain the difference between a tract and a nerve.
a tract is a collection of nerve fibers (axons) in the CNS.
a nerve is a collection of nerve fibers (axons) in the PNS.
Explain what a gyrus looks like.
pl. ; gyri
the ridges (bump) on the surface of the brain.
Explain what a sulcus looks like.
pl. ; sulci
a groove or furrow on the surface of the brain.
cerebral cortex
Explain the cerebral cortex function and what it contains.
made up of gray matter, contains frontal, parietal, temporal, and occipital lobe, insular lobe, limbic lobe. controls
-memory
-thinking
-learning
-reasoning
-emotions
-problem-solving
-sensory functions (ex; movement, olfactory, vision)
Explain what subcortical is and what it contains.
Located beneath the cerebral cortex, made of white matter, containing the diencephalon, piruitary gland, limbic system, and the basal ganglia. They control
-motor control
-emotional processing
-cognitive functions
-memory (declarative)
the diencephalon parts
-thalamus
-hypothalamus
-epithalamus
-subthalamus
-metathalamus
Explain the function and location of a ganglion.
pl. ; ganglia
clusters of nerve cell bodies in the PNS.
-recieve information
-excite neurons
-act as a connection point between CNS and PNS.
-synaptic relay station between neurons
Explain the function of a nerve
-carry electrical impulses between the brain and the rest of your body
Explain the function of a tract.
carries impulses in different directions along the spinal cord. responsible for carrying sensory and motor messages to and from the periphery.
ascending tracts
carry* sensory information* from the body to the brain.
ex; pain is carried up the spinal cord to the brain via ascending tracts.
descending tracts
carry* motor informaiton* from the brain to the body.
ex; instructions to move the arm are carried down the spinal cord to the body via descending tracts.
Name all cranial nerves.
nerves of the head/neck region connnected to the brainstem
i. Olfactory nerve
i. Optic nerve
iii. Oculomotor nerve
iv. Trochlear nerve
v. Trigeminal nerve
vi. Abducens nerve
vii. Facial nerve
viii. Vestibulcochlear nerve
ix. Glosspharyngeal nerve
x. Vagus nerve
xi. Accessory nerve
xii. Hypoglossal nerve
Oh, Once One Takes The Anatomy Final, Very Good Vacations Are Heavenly.
Explain spinal nerves and their function.
nerves of the rest of the body connected to the spinal cord. responsible for
-transmitting sensory information from the body to CNS
-sending motor commands back to muscles
How many pairs of spinal nerves are there?
31 pairs
8 cervical C1-C8
12 thoracic T1-T12
5 lumbar L1-L5
5 sacral S1-S5
1 coccygeal
where is the motor branch
exits spinal cord via ventral root
where is the sensory branch
enters spinal cord via dorsal root
anatomy vocab
ipsilateral
on the same side of the body
anatomy vocab
contralateral
opposite side of the body
PNS; sub
- Explain the function of the visceral (autonomic) nervous system.
- How does conscious thought processing activate the ANS?
-maintains homeostasis
-innervates smooth muscle, carciac muscle, glands, and blood vessels in all parts of the body
-conscious thought processing activates the ANS (ex; blushing, thinking about pizza, thinking about your boyfriend undressing)
PNS; sub
Explain what systems the visceral nervous system controls.
-cardiovascular system
-respiratory system
-gastrointestinal system
-urogenital system
-integumentary system (skin)
Name the three divisions of the visceral nervous system.
-Sympathetic NS
-Parasympathetic NS
-Enteric NS
What does the visceral nervous system regulate?
-blood pressure
-body fluid electrolytes
-body temp
-energy metabolism
-reproduction
PNS; ANS; ENS
Explain the function of the enteric nervous system.
Division III
-determines movement of gastrointestinal tract
-regulates gastric acid secretion
-changes in local blood flow
-changes in gut horomones release
-interacts with the immune system in the gut
-controls gut motility
Explain the function of the cerebral aquaduct.
Allows cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) to flow between the third ventricle and the fourth ventricles. Splits between the tectum and tegmentum.
I. Explain the function of ventricles.
II. What fluid fills the ventricles?
ventricle; large open structures
(I) Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) fills the ventricles, keeping the brain (II)
-buoyant
-cushioned
buoyant; to stay afloat
Explain the function of the tegmentum.
-arousal
-consciousness
-sleep-wake cycles
-coordination of limb movements and periaqueductal gray matter (PAG)
-circuits for modulating behavioral responses to pain
-cardiovascular control.
Explain the location and function of the tectum.
-controls eye movement
-controls approach
-controls avoidance movement
PNS; ANS; SNS
Explain the function of the sympathetic nervous system.
-“fight or flight”
-increases alertness
-energy expenditure
-responds to dangerous or stressful situations
-delivers more blood to areas of body that need more oxygen
-widen bronchial passages
-decreases motility of large intestine
-constrict blood vessels
-pupil dialation
-goose bumps
-sweating
PNS; ANS; PSNS
Explain the function of the parasympathetic nervous system.
-“rest and digest”
-slows heart rate
-slows breathing rate
-lowers blood pressure
-promotes digestion
-eliminates waste products
Name the amino acid neurotransmitters.
Amino acids:
glutamate (excitatory) -
gamma amino butyric acid (GABA) (inhibitory)
glycine (inhibitory)
Explain the difference between an inhibitory neurotransmitter and an excitatory neurotransmitter.
excitatory: likelihood that the neuron will fire an action potential
inhibitory: decrease likelihood that the neuron will fire action potential
Name the amine neurotransmitters.
-epinephrine
-dopamine
-serotonin
-norepinephrine
-acetylcholine
Eli Didn’t See Noras Ace.
amine neurotransmitter function
-reinforcement and regulation of heart rate and blood pressure
-mood
-cognitive processes (sleep, arousal)
-“fight-or-flight”
-sleep patterns
Name the peptide neurotransmitters.
-substance P
-orexin
-oxytocin
-vasopressin
-endorphins
amino acid neurotransmitter function
-regulates communication between neurons
-maintains balance between excitation and inhibitation
-supports critical processes (learning, memory, motor coordinaiton)
peptide neurotransmitter functions
-increase or decrease the strength of synaptic signaling
-modulate emotions (ex; aggression, sexual behavior, anxiety responses)
-perception of pain
How many types of neurotransmitters are there?
100+
Name the criteria that defines a neurotransmitter.
i. synthesis and storage in presynaptic neuron
ii. release by a presynaptic axon terminal
iii. produce response in a postsynaptic cell
Na
What is neuropharmacology?
the study of the effects of drugs on the nervous system
where does an endogenous ligand come from
inside us
where does an exogenous ligand come from
outside us
drug
Hallucinogen
-produce hallucinations
-bind to serotonin receptors
-do not produce dependency
drug
Tastants
water-soluable chemical that produces a taste sensation by activating taste-receptor cells (TRCs) and produces activity in taste-related pathways in the nervous system.
tastebuds
specialized structures embedded within small protuberances on tongue called papillae
50-100 specialized sensory cells
Explain the steps to get the perception of taste.
- sensory cells stimulated
- nerve fibers
- cranial nerves
- brainstem taste regions
- thalamus
- specific area of cerebral cortex
- perception of taste
odorants
detected by specialized sensory neurons located in a small patch of mucus membrane lining roof of notes
they stimulte receptor proteins
each odorant has its own pattern of activity for receptor proteins
Explain the steps to get the perception of flavor.
- pattern of activity
- olfactory bulb
- neurons activated
- S patial map formed
- primary olfactory cortex
- orbital cortex
- odor taste
- perception of flavor
