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neuroscience > Neuro 2000 Unit 3 > Flashcards

Neuro 2000 Unit 3 Flashcards

1
Q

Explain the steps to an fMRI.

A
  1. Subject is placed in a strong magnetic field
  2. Magnetic molecules in subject orient towards the magnetic field
  3. Radio wave pulses are sent into the subject
  4. Radio waves hit molecules in the subject
  5. The molecules return to their original orientation and emit a radio wave that is detetced by an array around the subject.
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2
Q

T or F: The location of that emitted radio wave in time and space is calculated

A

True

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3
Q

T or F: The energy of the radio wave can also reveal what kind of molecule emitted the radio wave.

A

True

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3
Q

What emits different radio waves during the fMRI?

A

-Oxygenated blood
-Deoxygenated blood

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4
Q

What is behavioral neuroscience?

A

studying the anatomy of brain pathways, studying the neurochemicals that are used in these pathways (including hormones and genetics), and how these pathways develop and evolve.

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5
Q

What are some active areas of research in behavior neuroscience?

A

-feeding
-sex
-aggression
-day/night rhythms
-sleep

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6
Q

What are some objective descriptions of behavior?

A

-anthropomorphosis (animal or object appearing to be human)
-intromission (successful penetration and eventual ejaculation of a penis into vagina)
-ear wiggling
-hops and darts (rats)

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7
Q

Which chromosome determines a male mammal?

A

XY
-testes

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8
Q

Which chromosome determines a female mammal?

A

XX (default)
-ovaries

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9
Q

What is the general function of hormones?

A

play a part in our behavior and brain

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10
Q

Explain the function of the SRY gene. (sex-determining region Y gene)

A

provides instructions for making the sex-determining region Y protein

male sex development

found in the Y chromosome

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11
Q

Explain the function of the SRY protein. (sex-determining region Y gene)

A

initiates the formation of testes from undifferentiated gonads in an embryo.

the “master switch”

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12
Q

Explain the function and location of a TDF (testis determining factor)

A

location: found on the Y chromosome* if SRY gene is present, so is TDF*
-acts on the earliest stage of reproductive tissue, called the primordial gonad, and causes it to develop into testes

protein

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13
Q

What are the two cells that originate in the embryo?

A

-Primordial germ cells (PGC)
-somatic cells

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14
Q

Explain the function of the primordial germ cell and where it origins.

A

origin: from the ectoderm
will form the gametes (sperm cell and oocytes)

gametes; a reproductive cell of an animal or plant

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15
Q

Explain the function of the five-alpha reductase.

A

An enzyme that converts testosterone (androgen) into dihydrotestosterone (DHT) (androgen)

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16
Q

What is the function of dihydrotestosterone?

A

responsible for the start of puberty in male teenagers. DHT causes growth of pubic and body hair and the development of genitals.
-could cause hair follicles to die, leads to baldness

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17
Q

Explain the function of aromatase in the brain.

A

leads to a male-typical brain
-conversion of androgens to estrogens.
MEN with low estrogen caused by a mutation in CYP19 gene suffer from low bone mineral density (BMD) and unfused epiphyses.

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18
Q

Explain the function of CYP19.

A

a gene that provides instructions for making the enzyme aromatase.

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19
Q

What happens towards puberty? (MALES)

A

testes turn on and make testosterone

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20
Q

What happens towards puberty? (FEMALES)

A

ovaries turn on and start producing estrogen and progesterone on and off (AKA womens cycle)

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21
Q

What does the labia turn into?
What does the clitoris turn into?

males only

A

Labia = ball sac
Clitoris = penis after testosterone

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22
Q

Explain the function of
sexually dimorphic nucleus of the preoptic area.
(SDN-POA).

A

-regulation of male sexual behavior in rats and humans
-critical for males to develop their secual circuit
2.2 times as larger in males as in females

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23
Q

Explain the function of the secual circuit.

A

neural circuits in the brain that control sexual behavior, including libido, mating (sex) and pleasure.

present in rats and humans

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24
Q

Explain the function of the lordosis reflex.

A

for female rodents, bending the back and sticking their rump in the air.

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25
Q

What is critical for female sexual habits?

A

The ventromedial hypothalamus, which only lets the female circuit develop only with estrogen.

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26
Q

Explain the function of ventromedial hypothalamus (VMH)

A

nuclei within the hypothalamus that regulates
-glucose regulation
-thermogenesis
-appentitive
-social
-sexual behaviors

Giant Tacos Are Super Spicy

27
Q

Explain the refractory phase.

A

a state of recovery that occurs after a neuron has fired an action potential.
ANOTHER ACTION POTENTIAL CANNOT BE EASILY PRODUCED
-encourages unidirectional flow of action potentials because they cannot travel backwards to inactive neurons.

line of dominoes falling: once a domino tips over, it can’t tip back to push the previous one. This one-way path keeps signals moving forward, ensuring they reach their destination effectively.

28
Q

male children who produce little testosterone at puberty…

A

have little interest in sex unless given a dosage of testosterone, however doesn’t always happen

29
Q
A
29
Q

males that remove both testes…

A

show little interest in sex unless given testosterone, however doesn’t always happen

30
Q

What does the sympathetic nervous system do when someone is aroused?

A

produces lubrication

31
Q

What does the parasympathetic nervous system do when someone is aroused?

A

sends more blood flow to penis and clitoris for erection

32
Q

Fully pronounce INAH1-4

A

Interstitial nucleus of the anterior hypothalamus 1-4

33
Q

Explain the function of the INAH3

A

INAH3 is similar to the SDN of rats. if your INAH3 is large, you are attracted to women. if it’s smaller, you are attracted to males. (males only)
males typically have a bigger INAH3

34
Q

What is pair bonding?

A

Sexual and romantic association between two people/animals. In voles, they tend to cuddle, stick close together, copulate (have sex) with each other, groom each other, and when one dies, they express depressive behaviours, and their life expectancy is reduced compared to non-pair bonded animals.

35
Q

What’s the difference in voles?

A

Voles that pair bond tend to live in prairies, and those that don’t live in the rocky mountain areas.

36
Q

Explain the functions of oxytocin.

A

-labor and delivery
-lactation
-pair bonding
production increase = likely to pair
production decrease = not likely to pair

37
Q

Explain the function of vasopressin.

A

A hormone that helps regulate
-blood pressure
-control concentration of water and salt
-constrict blood vessels
-pair bonding (receptors in the ventral pallidum of monogamous species is higher than in non-monogamous species)

antodiuretic hormone

38
Q

Monogamy vs Nonmonogamy

A

monogamous- one romantic or sexual partner
non monogamous- more than one partner

39
Q

Explain the functions and location of the ventral pallidum.

A

-necessary for normal reward and motivation
-motivated behaviors
-addiction
-regulating consumption of alcohol
-controlling relapse
location: basal ganglia

40
Q

What is cognitive neuroscience?

A

Exploration of the brain pathways that lead to cognition. This includes language, attention, decision-making, learning memory, and consciousness (concept of self). Neuroimaging techniques are a valuable tool in cognitive neuroscience.

41
Q

Explain the steps to an fMRI (continued)

A

Oxygenated and deoxygenated blood emit different radio waves during the fMRI process. Active brain regions exhibit a rapid decrease in oxygenated blood followed by and increase in oxygenated blood. This occurs because the Astrocytes dilate blood vessels, bringing oxygenated blood to the brain.

The fMRI scanner detects this Blood Oxygen-dependent Signal (BOLD)

42
Q

Explain what Blood Oxygen-dependant Signal (BOLD) is.

A

detected in fMRI, BOLD measures brain activity by looking at how blood flow and oxygen levels change in specific areas. When a part of the brain becomes active, it uses more oxygen, and more blood flows to that area to supply it. This alters the levels of a molecule, deoxyhemoglobin. The fMRI picks up these changes in deoxyhemoglobin, creating images that show which parts of the brain are active.

43
Q

Explain the function of deoxyhemoglobin

A

oxygen transport

44
Q

Explain the steps to a PET (positron emission tomography) scan.

A
  1. Subject is injected with a radioactive glucose
  2. This glucose emits a positron
  3. The positron encounters an electron and the particles are annihilated
  4. The annihilation event produces a gamma ray emission
  5. The gamma ray is detected by an array around the subject

areas of high glucose use also have high gamma ray emission, PET scanner detects this gamma ray signal.

45
Q

What have language disorders helped us with?

A

language disorders resulting from brain injury have helped us to understand the brain regions associated with language.

46
Q

What is Broca’s aphasia? (agrammatic aphasia)

A

a communication disorder that has difficulty in producing, but not in understanding speech. Automatic speech (Hello!) is preserved. Sentences cannot be fully formed, and there is a lack of connecting words. It is the result of damage to the left inferior frontal lobe (Broca’s area). It’s thought to be a deficit in generating motor plans for complex vocalizations.

basically you can understand but not talk well

47
Q

What is Wernicke’s aphasia?

A

AKA fluid aphasia. Speech is nonsensical but fluid, and comprehension is poor. There are sound substitutions, like girl becomes curl, and word substitutions, like bread becomes cake. It’s a result of damage to the left superior temporal gyrus (wernicke’s area). It’s thought to be a deficit in understanding the meaning of words.

you can talk fine (nonsensical) but cant comprehend language well

48
Q

What else do these aphasias apply to?

A

Any fluent early-learned language a person speaks, written language, and sign language.

49
Q

What is agraphia?

A

loss in ability to communicate through writing.
develops through strokes or trauma, tumors, infections, chemotoxicity, cerebrospinal fluid lymphocytosis or COVID-19.

50
Q

What is the function of the middle cerebral artery?

A

supply specific regions of brain parenchyma with oxygenated blood.
where strokes usually occur

51
Q

What is brain parenchyma?

A

Functional tissue of the brain that’s made up of neurons, glial cells, and collagen proteins.

52
Q

Explain what neologism is.

A

Inventing word that has no real meaning except for the person

53
Q

Damage to the left-hemisphere cortical structures (90-95%) result in….

A

Language deficits, whereas damage to corresponding areas in the right hemisphere does not.

54
Q

Where is language lateralized?

A

To the left hemisphere of the cerebrum in most people (frontal, parietal, temporal) However, in left handed people, there is a high likelihood that this pattern is reversed.

Broca’s area associated w/ speech production and articulaiton

55
Q

What is split-brain?

A

a condition resulting from surgery that isolates the brain’s two hemispheres by cutting the fibers (mainly those of the corpus callosum)
there’s no corpus collosum
Example: If CC severed, objects presented in the right visual field can be named. Objects in the left visual field cannot.

56
Q

What is the function of the corpus callosum?

A

bundles of nerve fibers that allow your brain’s left and right hemispheres to comm. focuses on
-how you think
-how you remember
-how you coordinate your movements

57
Q

Attention can be…

A

Endogenous or exogenous
(inside or outside)

58
Q

What is endogenous attention?

A

a VOLUNTARY brain function that allows a person to focus on relevant information while ignoring irrelevant distractions

TOP-DOWN process

59
Q

What is exogenous attention?

A

an INVOLUNTARY re-orientation of attention towards an unexpected stimulus.

BOTTOM-UP attention

60
Q

Explain the cocktail party effect.

A

If you’re at a cocktail party, and you hear your name, your auditory senses are on high alert, listening in on that conversation even if you were currently in another conversation.

61
Q

What is consciousness?

A

The state of being awake and aware that we can perceive stimuli around us. If someone’s asleep they are still conscious because there’s a minor perception of stimuli. Consciousness can be defined experimentally by examining brain phenomenon related to lack of consciousness.

62
Q

Consciousness continued

What parts of the brain show decreased activity as we lose consciousness?

A

The posterior parietal cortex and frontal cortex

63
Q

Explain the function of the posterior parietal cortex.

A

-planned movement
-spatial reasoning
-attention
-episodic memory
EXAMPLE: reaching out to grab a cup of coffee, it helps you judge the cup’s location, guide your hand accurately, and adjust your grip based on the size and shape of the cup. It integrates visual information (seeing the cup) and spatial information (understanding its position)

64
Q

Explain the function of progesterone.

A

prepares the endometrium (lining of uterus) for a fertilized egg to implant and grow.
no pregnancy = endometrium sheds
pregnancy = progesterone increases to support preg

65
Q
A

neuroscience (7 decks)

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