Neuro 2000 Movement

Question 1

define extension

Answer 1

movement away from the body

Question 2

define flexion

Answer 2

movement towards your body

Question 3

define extensors

Answer 3

a muscles contraction extends or straightens a limb or other parts of the body (ex; tricep)

Question 4

Flexion will…

Answer 4

decrease the angle of a joint

Question 5

Explain an antagonist muscle

Answer 5

allows movement in opposite direction from muscle (tricep vs bicep)

Question 6

Explain the function of a synergist muscle.

Answer 6

-helpers of prime mover
-muscles working together
-improve movements
-increase power output

Question 7

Explain the function of the basilar ganglia.

Answer 7

a group of structures deep in the brain’s cerebral hemispheres and the brainstem involved in
-motor movement
-facilitate formation of our procedural memories for skills

Question 7

Explain the funciton of the prime mover (agonist)

Answer 7

-the primary force driving the action (ex; biceps brachii)

Question 8

Explain what happens in muscle atrophy.

Answer 8

-lacks muscle activity
-reduces muscle size
-reduces muscle tone
-reduces muscle power

Question 9

Explain neuromuscular junction (NMJ) and what it is essential for.

Answer 9

the synapse between a motor neuron and a skeletal muscle fiber.
-contraction of skeletal muscle to occur
-keep muscles from atrophying

Question 10

Explain what a skeletal muscle is.

Answer 10

a musce that is attached to the bones of the skeleton and provides the force that moves the bones

Question 11

Explain what a cardiac muscle is.

Answer 11

involuntary muscle tissue found only in the heart

Question 12

Explain what smooth muscle is.

Answer 12

involuntary muscle found inside many internal organs of the body (stomach, intestines, bladder, uterus, arteries, bronchi)

Question 13

Explain the function and location of a nicotinic acetylcholine receptor

Answer 13

location: specialized region of the skeletal muscle membrane, at the postsynaptic nerve terminal
function: responds to acetylcholine ACh released from the nerve terminals by opening and allowing Na (sodium) cations to flow through its pore
ionotropic

Question 14

Explain the funciton of acetylcholine.

Answer 14

-used at neuromuscular junctions for muscle contraction
-widely used in autonomic nervous system (in all preganglionic neurons and postganglionic parasympathetic neurons)
-plays important roles in memory, arousal, and attention (CNS)

Question 15

E

Explain what the motor end plate is.

Answer 15

the flattened end of a motor neuron that transmits neural impulses to a muscle (post synaptic junction)

Question 16

Explain what flexor reflex is.
Explain the process.

Answer 16

a protective spinal reflex that automatically withdraws a body part frtom a harmful stimulus.

sensory neuron detects mechanical energy and generates action potential and releases neurotransmitters to excite the interneuron to generate its own action potential and is received by the flexor motor neuron that depolarizes and spreads its action action potential to a flexor muscle to release a neurotransmitter (ACh) to cause contraction

Question 17

When there is a muscle stimulus on both sides…

Answer 17

crossed extensor reflex occurs (axons cross to the other side of spinal cord and mix and match neurons to excite)

Question 18

Explain central pattern generators

Answer 18

Neural mechanisms in the spinal cord that generate rhythmic patterns of motor output (walking) because circuitry mirrors each side to allow for patterns (like a computer program)

Question 19

Explain the function of the premotor cortex.

Answer 19

area of the frontal cortex,
-active during the planning of a voluntary movement
axons that connect to spinal cord and form synapses with muscle cells

Question 20

Explain the function of the supplementary motor area.

Answer 20

programming of complex voluntary movements (learning and generating sequences of actions)
works with the premotor cortex for memory systems and spacial awareness

Question 21

Most motor neurons are present in…

Answer 21

-hands
-lips
-eyes

Question 21

Explain the function of the primary motor cortex

Answer 21

the section of the frontal lobe responsible for -voluntary movement
-movement execution (force, direction, extent, speed)
-movement coordination

Question 22

Explain the function of the striatum (basal ganglia)

Answer 22

-caudate
-putamen
(decision making to make a plan of movement)

Question 23

Explain the function of the substantia niagra (midbrain)

Answer 23

-production of dopamine

if damaged, causes deterioration of body movement

Question 24

Explain the function of the cerebellum.

Answer 24

-balance
-equilibrium
-fine motor control
-muscle tone
-motor learning