Neuro 2000 Movement Flashcards
define extension
movement away from the body
define flexion
movement towards your body
define extensors
a muscles contraction extends or straightens a limb or other parts of the body (ex; tricep)
Flexion will…
decrease the angle of a joint
Explain an antagonist muscle
allows movement in opposite direction from muscle (tricep vs bicep)
Explain the function of a synergist muscle.
-helpers of prime mover
-muscles working together
-improve movements
-increase power output
Explain the function of the basilar ganglia.
a group of structures deep in the brain’s cerebral hemispheres and the brainstem involved in
-motor movement
-facilitate formation of our procedural memories for skills
Explain the funciton of the prime mover (agonist)
-the primary force driving the action (ex; biceps brachii)
Explain what happens in muscle atrophy.
-lacks muscle activity
-reduces muscle size
-reduces muscle tone
-reduces muscle power
Explain neuromuscular junction (NMJ) and what it is essential for.
the synapse between a motor neuron and a skeletal muscle fiber.
-contraction of skeletal muscle to occur
-keep muscles from atrophying
Explain what a skeletal muscle is.
a musce that is attached to the bones of the skeleton and provides the force that moves the bones
Explain what a cardiac muscle is.
involuntary muscle tissue found only in the heart
Explain what smooth muscle is.
involuntary muscle found inside many internal organs of the body (stomach, intestines, bladder, uterus, arteries, bronchi)
Explain the function and location of a nicotinic acetylcholine receptor
location: specialized region of the skeletal muscle membrane, at the postsynaptic nerve terminal
function: responds to acetylcholine ACh released from the nerve terminals by opening and allowing Na (sodium) cations to flow through its pore
ionotropic
Explain the funciton of acetylcholine.
-used at neuromuscular junctions for muscle contraction
-widely used in autonomic nervous system (in all preganglionic neurons and postganglionic parasympathetic neurons)
-plays important roles in memory, arousal, and attention (CNS)
E
Explain what the motor end plate is.
the flattened end of a motor neuron that transmits neural impulses to a muscle (post synaptic junction)
Explain what flexor reflex is.
Explain the process.
a protective spinal reflex that automatically withdraws a body part frtom a harmful stimulus.
sensory neuron detects mechanical energy and generates action potential and releases neurotransmitters to excite the interneuron to generate its own action potential and is received by the flexor motor neuron that depolarizes and spreads its action action potential to a flexor muscle to release a neurotransmitter (ACh) to cause contraction
When there is a muscle stimulus on both sides…
crossed extensor reflex occurs (axons cross to the other side of spinal cord and mix and match neurons to excite)
Explain central pattern generators
Neural mechanisms in the spinal cord that generate rhythmic patterns of motor output (walking) because circuitry mirrors each side to allow for patterns (like a computer program)
Explain the function of the premotor cortex.
area of the frontal cortex,
-active during the planning of a voluntary movement
axons that connect to spinal cord and form synapses with muscle cells
Explain the function of the supplementary motor area.
programming of complex voluntary movements (learning and generating sequences of actions)
works with the premotor cortex for memory systems and spacial awareness
Most motor neurons are present in…
-hands
-lips
-eyes
Explain the function of the primary motor cortex
the section of the frontal lobe responsible for -voluntary movement
-movement execution (force, direction, extent, speed)
-movement coordination
Explain the function of the striatum (basal ganglia)
-caudate
-putamen
(decision making to make a plan of movement)
Explain the function of the substantia niagra (midbrain)
-production of dopamine
if damaged, causes deterioration of body movement
Explain the function of the cerebellum.
-balance
-equilibrium
-fine motor control
-muscle tone
-motor learning
