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Neuroscience 2000 > Brain Diseases & Disorders > Flashcards

Brain Diseases & Disorders Flashcards

1
Q

What has been published as a diagnostic tool to treat mental illnesses?

A

Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders
(DSM-5)

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2
Q

Define Sexual Dimorphism

A

members of the same species have different physical or physiological characteristics based on their biological sex.

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3
Q

Name two disorders that are sexually dimorphic

A

-Alcoholism and drug dependency (men)
-Depression (women)

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4
Q

What is tolerance?

A

The escalating need to use more of a drug in order to achieve previously experienced effects.

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5
Q

Define psychiatric illness
(mental disorder)

A

a behavioral or mental pattern that can cause significant distress or impairment of personal functioning, affects all ages.
a biological phenomenon

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6
Q

Define schizophrenia

A

people that have hallucinations that are false sensory experiences (see, hear, feel) but not actually happening in reality. They cannot tell those things apart from reality. Symptoms appear in late adolecence/young adulthood.

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7
Q

Define delusions of grandeur

A

false beliefs that you are somehting amazing, smartest person, messiah, God
(narcissism, nihlism)

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8
Q

Define symptoms of paralytic dementia

A

-delusion of grandeur
-euphoria
-poor judgment/impulsive behavior (drinking water, social interaction, eating)
-lack of pupillary-light reflex

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9
Q

Define pupillary-light reflex (PLR)

A

autonomic reflex that controls the size of the pupil in response to light

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10
Q

What did Hideyo Noguchi find in his studies?

A

people with paralytic dementia have been infected by bacterium syphilis, producing mental illness.
(sexually transmitted, wear condoms)

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11
Q

define fringe science

A

to describe ideas that are highly speculative or rely on premises that have already been proven false

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12
Q

define mood disorder

A

the experience of feeling largely happy, sad, perhaps neutral

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13
Q

define depression

A

people that have troule with their normal mood regulation, in that sad compenent for a content period of time, unable to identify what put them into that mood
(7% experience depression)
risk of suicidal thoughts

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14
Q

Name three types of depression

A

-unipolar depression
-major depression
-bipolar depression (not used much)

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15
Q

define bipolar disorder

A

people experience great happiness, euphoria, elation, then extreme sadness and hopelessness and lows, between on a daily or weekly basis. (duality)

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16
Q

what are the symptoms of depression?

A

-unhappy mood
-loss of interests in normal activity
-low energy
-low/high appettite
-difficulty in concentration
-restless agitation
-hopelessness

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17
Q

define anhedonia

A

a condition that creates lack of interest, pleasure, enjoyment from life’s experiences

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18
Q

Where does Depression origin from?

A

hertiable component

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19
Q

define dizygotic twins and percentage for concordance

A

result from the fertilization of two separate eggs with two different sperm during the same pregnancy
~20% concordant

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20
Q

define monozygotic twins and the percentage for concordance

A

the result of a single fertilized egg splitting into two embryos early in development
~60% concordant

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21
Q

What is the function of 5TH 2a receptor?

A

-sensory perception and cognitive function (learning & memory)
-modulating perception

dysregulation of 5th 2a is associated w disorders

important note; drugs such as LSD or psilocybin are partial agonists to it

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22
Q

what is the discovery of the 5TH 2a receptor from suicide rates

A

People with a variant of the gene encoding 5TH 2a is more common in suicide victims than in deaths for other reasons
(could be false)

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23
Q

What does the PET study indicate about depression?

A

-indicates increased activity in prefrontal cortex and amygdala
-indicates decrease in activity in attentional networds

(amigila)

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24
Q

What parts of the brain does depression decrease in activity?

A

-parietal
-posterior temporal
-cingulate cortex (pain processing)

Poppy Plots Cider

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25
Q

define attentional network

A

parts of the brain that are interconnected with the thalamus in the frontal lobe

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26
Q

Name the three classes of antidepressants

A

-monoamine oxidase inhibitor (most effective, least safe)
-tricyclis (risky)
selective reputake inhibitor (common, lest effective)

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27
Q

what do antidepressants increase levels of

A

the “monoamine” neurotransmitters,
-5-HT
-NE
-DA

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28
Q

Explain the function of norepinephrine (NE)

A

increases
-alertness
-arousal
-attention
-constricts blood vessel to maintain blood pressure

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29
Q

Explain the function of
dopamine (DA)

A

-aids in learning for rewards
-movement regulation in the brain
-working memory
-attention and focusing

30
Q

Explain the function of
5-hydrotyptamine (5-HT)

A

-modulate mood
-modulate emotion
-modulate sleep
-modulate perception

31
Q

what kind of doctor diagnoses mental illnesses

A

psychatrist

32
Q

What are the three non-drug treatments for depression?

A

-Cognitive behavioral therapy (Psychologists)
-Transcranial magnetic stimulation (Psychiatrists)
-Electroconvulsive therapy (Psychiatrists)

33
Q

What is one way a neurotransmitter “goes away?”

A

going back into axon terminal by proteins by serotonin transporters, known as “reuptake”

34
Q

drug; antidepressant

Explain the function of
serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs)

A

inhibit reuptake of 5-HT
treats depression

35
Q

Explain the function of
Selective serotonin and norepinephrine reuptake inhibitor (SSNRIs)

A

inhibit reuptake of 5-HT and norepinephrine (more effective least effective class of anti-depressants, commonly perscribed bc safest)

(also is used for anxiety and Obessive-compulsive disorder)

36
Q

What are the side effects of selective reuptake inhibitors?

A

-anorgasmia (infrequent orgasms)
-low sex drive
-nausea
-nervousness
-might increase the likelihood of suicide

37
Q

Explain cognitive behavioral therapy

A

“talk therapy”
enngage and talk therapy and psychotherapy
examine your thoughts, behavior and emotions
encourages change in behavior
effective as SSRIS

38
Q

treatments; TMS

Explain transcranial magnetic stimulation

A

placed near head, makes a magnetic field become strong/weak and change directions rapidly
axons generate electrical currents
(widespread)
not invasive, some ill effects, widespread, effectiveness is low

39
Q

treatments; TMS

What part of the brain does the TMS affect?

A

dorsolateral prefrontal cortex

40
Q

Explain electroconvulsive therapy

A

slightly sedated, mouth guard
apply an electrical current into the brain and have a dispersant seizure causes muscles to contract
most effective treatment for depression, but could damage the persons nervous system, trauma to body, not used often, last-treatment resort

41
Q

What happens when you have a neurodegenerative disease?

A

causes neuronal and glial cell loss
changes emotions, thoughts, behavior, perception

42
Q

How do you get neurodegenerative disease?

A

combination of genetic, infection, or enviornmental factors

43
Q

Name examples of neurodegenerative diseases.

A

-amyotrophic lateral sclerosis
-huntingtons disease
-parkinsons disease
-Alzheimer’s disease

44
Q

What is amyotrophic lateral sclerosis?

A

a disease in the peripheral nervous system (PNS) among other things, a loss of myelin on axons
info going out to muscles fail, action potentials fail, having trouble controlling their body (movement)
gradually, they wont be able to breathe on their own
CNS is okay, cognitive performance works well

no good treatment, but rare

45
Q

What is Huntingson’s disease?

A

a person moves too much, part of their motor systems are not working and arent being inhibited

Symptoms:
Chorea (involuntary, spasmodic movements)
impaired coordination and balance
muscle rigidity
difficulty speaking and/or swallowing
cognitive symptoms (dementia)
psychiatric symptoms (depression)

hurts basal ganglia
mutation is dominant (CAGCAG)

46
Q

What is Parkinson’s disease?

A

opposite of huntington’s disease, making no movements.

hurts basal ganglia

substantia nigra - decision to move

47
Q

Explain Alzheimer’s disease

A

difficult in memory, regulating mood, mild symptoms to more intense. In the elderly population (65+), prevalant in women than men. 6% experience Alzchimer’s.

initially, short-term memory,
later (progressed) loss of loss term memory and difficulty in creating new memories.
cause delusions

48
Q

What happens in the brain in Alzheimer’s disease?

A

-loss of cerebral cortex
-loss of subcortical regions (hippocampus)
-gray/white matter missing (Gray more)
-ventricles are larger

49
Q

What are beta-amyloid plaques

A

collections of proteins called beta-amyloid that are outside of these neurons

might result/kill neurons (theory) connections between neurons
might be a thing in alzheimers

50
Q

What neurons start dying more than others?

A

Neurons that use the neurotransmitter acetylcholine

51
Q

Explain the function of acetylcholine

A

critical for normal learning and memory (in the hippocampus)

52
Q

What is Early onset Alzheimer’s?

A

affects people in their 40s, more rare, highly heritable

associated with mutations in the gene for amyloid precussor protein

53
Q

What gene encoding gets mutated in early onset Alzheimers?

A

amyloid precussor protein (APP)
on chromosome 21, pressenilin-1 (PSEN1)
on chromosome 14
on chromosome 1, presenilin -2 (PSEN2)

54
Q

What drug treatments help Alzheimers and Early Onset Alzheimers?

A

acetylocholine
anti-depressants
anti-psychotics

55
Q

How do acetylcholine inhibitors help a patient with Alzheimers?

A

increase acetylcholine levels to compensate for acetylcholine-producing cell loss

56
Q

How do anti-depressants help a patient with Alzheimers?

A

to treat mood issues in later stahes

57
Q

How do anti-psychotics help a patient with Alzheimers?

A

to treat delusion in later stages

58
Q

How can brain injury occur?

A

-Disruption of biological processes
-infections: menegitis (viral or bacterial)
-tumors/cancers: neuromas, gliomas
-disruption of blood flow: stroke
-physical trauma from outside the body: car crash

59
Q

Stroke

Explain what a stroke is

A

Cells In the nervous system die as a result of lack of blood flow in the brain

If a neuron does not get glucose, oxygen, and carbon dioxide taken away, it will die.

60
Q

Stroke

What is an Ischemic stroke is

A

a blood vessel in the brain is blocked, preventing blood flow

61
Q

Stroke

Explain what a Hemorrhagic stroke is

A

a blood vessel is broken, blood leaks out, reducing blood flow to the brain region it serves.

62
Q

What happens when a neuron dies?

A
  1. cell body breaks, ends up with glutamate leaking into the extracellular fluid.
  2. glutamate activates nearby neurons excessively
  3. lets in too much calcium as a result of activating gluminating receptors
  4. calcium activates a self-destruct mechanism that makes the neuron kill itself
  5. may over excite other neurons
63
Q

Explain what exotoxicity is.

A

too much excitation by glutamate causes nearby neurons to die

64
Q

Stroke

Where do strokes typically happen?

A

the middle cerebral artery

65
Q

Stroke

What are the symptoms when getting a middle cerebral artery stroke?

A

sudden loss of movement of
-one arm
-one side of the face
-Broca’s aphasiac (difficulty talking)
-lose the ability to sense touch temperature pain

66
Q

Stroke

What parts of the brain are unable to work due to a stroke in the middle cerebral artery?

A

-primary motor cortex
-primary somatosensory cortex
-Broca’s area

67
Q

Stroke

Who is at risk for stroke?

A

older people typically
High cholesterol
High blood pressure
History of heart attack (reduction in blood flow to heart) cardivascular problems

68
Q

Stroke

How are strokes typically treated?

A

-daily dose low aspirin, reduces blood clotting
-large dose of blood-thinners to break up clots
-neuroprotective drugs, little success

69
Q

Traumatic Brain Injury

What is Traumatic brain injury?

A

injury to the brain due to excessive phsycial force applied to the cranium.

70
Q

Traumatic Brain Injury

What is the result of traumatic brain injury?

A

direct destruction of brain tissue
disruption of blood flow
disruption of cerebrospinal fluid

note, after an injury has occured, normal inflammatory responses can exacerbate all of the above

71
Q

Traumatic Brain Injury

What methods are available after TBI occurs?

A

physical therapy
cognitive therapy
psychotherapy
TBH may be coincident with PTSD

72
Q

Traumatic Brain Injury

What are the treatments of TBI?

A

drugs that increase blood pressure
drugs that reduce inflammation

Neuroscience 2000 (8 decks)

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