Unit 2 Exam Lab 7 Flashcards
molecule capable of inducing an immune response
antigen
bivalent protein formed by B lymphocytes in response to exposure to a foreign substance
antibody
interaction of an antigen and antibody (immune complexes)
Antigen-Antibody Complex
group of related red blood cell antigens
blood group system
transfer of blood from one person to the other
transfusion
person receiving blood from transfusion
recipient
person giving blood to another in transfusion
donor
result of immune complex formed between donor and recipient red blood cells and antibodies
transfusion reaction
red blood cells, white blood cells, platelets, & plasma
OR
Formed elements plus plasma
whole blood
Cells only, NO plasma
packed cells
Knowing that the immune system reacts against foreign proteins, which of the following would you expect to present no risk of an immunological reaction if it were to be transfused from one mammalian species to another?
none of the above (i.e., all should elicit at least some response)
Type A antigen
Type B antigen
Type AB antigen
Type O antigen
A
B
A and B
None
Type A antibody
Type B antibody
Type AB antibody
Type O antibody
Anti-B b antibody
Anti-A a antibody
Anti-A and Anti-B a and b antibodies
Neither antibodies
Antibodies a and b are called naturally occurring antibodies because:
- they are the result of natural exposure to substances in our environment during the first few months of our life.
- they form naturally in anyone who does not have the corresponding antigen on the surface of their red cells.
True or False:
Naturally occurring antibodies are stimulated by exposure to lipopolysaccharides with a chemical structure similar to that of the A and B antigens.
True
If cells to be typed are mixed with Anti-A typing serum and agglutination occurs, what can you conclude about the type of antigen(s) present on the cell’s surface?
A antigen
If the cells are mixed with Anti-A typing serum and agglutination does not occur, what conclusion can be made?
no A antigen
If cells to be typed are mixed with Anti-B typing serum and agglutination occurs, what can you conclude about type(s) of antigen present on the cell’s surface?
B antigen
If the cells are mixed with Anti-B typing serum and agglutination does not occur, what conclusion can be made?
no B antigen
With respect to the antibodies present, what is the difference between A serum (serum from someone with Type A blood) and Anti-A typing serum?
A serum has:
Anti-A serum has:
b antibodies
a antibodies
What is the difference between B serum and Anti-B typing serum?
B serum has:
Anti-B serum has:
a antibodies
b antibodies
Rh antigen
Rh positive
Rh negative
-The antigen associated with Rh
-Antigen is present
-Antigen is not present
Percentage of Rh positive and negative around the world:
Caucasian
African
Asian
85% + and 15% -
95% + and 5% -
100% +
If cells to be typed are mixed with Anti-Rh typing serum and agglutination occurs, what conclusion can you make about the antigen(s) present on the cell’s surface?
Rh antigen
If the cells are mixed with Anti-Rh typing serum and agglutination does not occur, what conclusion can be made?
No Rh antigen
An Rh negative man is tested and shown to have Rh antibodies. How do you explain this?
He received an Rh positive blood transfusion at some time in his life.
A Rh negative woman delivers a baby with Rh positive blood. This baby will suffer from erythroblastosis fetalis only if:
the mother previously delivered an Rh positive baby and did not receive RhoGam.
Which of the following individuals will have Rh antibodies?
-an Rh negative individual who has received a transfusion of Rh positive blood
-a Rh negative woman who has delivered a Rh positive child and not received a RhoGam injection
Treatment of a Rh negative woman giving birth to a Rh positive baby using RhoGam: (4)
-must be done within 72 hours of delivery.
-injects the mother with Rh antibodies that destroy any fetal Rh positive cells before they can cause an immune response.
-prevents the production of Rh antibodies in the mother.
-must be done following the delivery of all Rh positive babies.
A child with an AB positive blood type has a mother whose blood type is A negative. The baby’s father blood type is most likely:
B positive or AB positive
Formed elements and plasma
Whole blood
Plasma with fibrinogen removed
Serum
Firbrin and formed elements following coagulation process
Clot
White cells and platelets
Buffy coat
Liquid fraction of blood with ant-coagulate added
Plasma
Red cells, white cells, platelets
Formed elements
Clumping cells with fibrin/process of blood clotting
Coagulation
Interaction between antigens and antibodies which leads to clumping
Agglutination
Blood is drawn into a test tube from a person with Type A blood. After clotting, the cells are discarded and the remaining liquid, which is __________ contains ___________.
Serum; b antibodies
What are the three rules of blood typing?
- antigens are on the cell; antibodies are in the serum or plasma
- agglutination only occurs in the presence of both the antigen and its corresponding antibody
- the antigens on the red blood cell determine the blood type
Which of the following combinations of red blood cells and serum would give an agglutination reaction? (The blood samples are from individuals who have never received a blood transfusion or been pregnant.)
Type A negative cells with Type B positive serum
The following results are observed when unknown cells and serum are mixed with known serum and cells. Determine the ABO blood type of the unknown sample.
Mixture #1: A serum + unknown cells = no agglutination
Mixture #2: B serum + unknown cells = no agglutination
Mixture #3: A cells + unknown serum = agglutination
Mixture #2: B cells + unknown serum = agglutination
Type O
Mixture 1: no B antigen
Mixture 2: no A antigen
Mixture 3: a antibody
Mixture 4: b antibody
Conclusion: Type O
A person has Type AB blood.. If they recieve a transfusion of whole blood, which of the following donor types could potentially cause an agglutination reaction?
Type A
Type B
Type O
A person who has Type O blood is referred to as a universal donor. This is not totally accurate because
-a person with type O blood has A and B antigens in the plasma.
-a person with type O blood has a and b antibodies in their plasma.
-cells must be separated from plasma to isolate the antigens from the antibodies, and only plasma may be donated.
-cells must be separated from plasma to isolate the antigens from the antibodies, and only cells may be donated.
-a person with type O blood has a and b antibodies in their plasma.
-cells must be separated from plasma to isolate the antigens from the antibodies, and only cells may be donated.
Match cells and plasma with antibodies and antigens
Cells=antigens
Plasma=antibodies
