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Health and Human Development > Unit 2 Exam HHD > Flashcards

Unit 2 Exam HHD Flashcards

1
Q

physical health

A

relates to the functioning of the body and its systems, including the physical capacity to perform daily activities or tasks
-Appropriate levels of physical fitness.
-Healthy body weight
-strong immune system
-well functioning body, systems and organs
-freedom from illness, disease or injury
-adequate energy levels
-ability to complete physical tasks adequately

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2
Q

social health

A

ability to form meaningful and satisfying relations with others, as well as the ability to manage or adapt appropriately to different social situations
-effective communication with others
-supportive and well functioning family
-productive relationships with other people
-supportive network of friends
ability to manage or adapt appropriately to different social situations

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3
Q

emotional health

A

ability to express emotions in a positive way. positive management and expression of emotional actions and reactions aswell as the ability to display resilience
-recognise and understand the range of emotions
-high levels of resilence
-effectively respond to and manage emotions
-experience appropriate emotions in different scenarios

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4
Q

mental health

A

relates to the state of a persons mind or brain and the ability to think and process information
-low levels of stress and anxiety
-use logic and reasoning to form opinions, make decisions and solve problems
-positive thought patterns
-high levels of confidence
-process information to solve problems
-positive self esteem

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5
Q

spiritual health

A

relates to the ideas, beliefs, values and ethics that arise in the mind and conscience of human beings
-a sense of belonging and connection to the world
-acting according to values and beliefs
-developed personal values and beliefs
-peace and harmony
-positive meaning and purpose in life

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6
Q

Physical development definition

A

Refers to the changes that occur to the body and its systems

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7
Q

What are the Aspects of Physical Development?

A

Growth- eg. people get bigger until the end of puberty
Changes to body systems- egg. increase of complexity of the brain, changes to sex organ function during puberty, and decline of body systems
Motor Skill Development-
Fine motor skills: eg. writing, cutting with scissors, tying shoelaces
Gross motor skills: eg. running, throwing a ball, riding a bike

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8
Q

What are the 3 periods of rapid growth during the human lifespan?

A
  • Puberty
  • Prenatal
  • Infancy
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9
Q

key characteristics of development

A

orderly and predicatble

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10
Q

What are the changes to body systems?

A

Tissue and body systems also change in structure and function
eg:
-replacement of baby teeth with permanent teeth
-hardening of bones until early adulthood
-change in the way sex organs functions during youth
-development of the immune system

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11
Q

what are motor skills?

A

refers to the control of the muscles in the body

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12
Q

what are gross motor skills?

A

movements that involve large muscle groups
eg- walking, throwing, skipping and kicking

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13
Q

what are fine motor skills?

A

control over the smaller muscle groups
eg- writing, tying shoelaces, cutting with scissors, manipulating the mouth to speak.

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14
Q

physical transitions from youth to adulthood

A

growth;
-girls grow 16cm (10-13) and 16kg in weight. boys grow 20cm (12-15) and 20kg in weight
-end of youth the epiphyseal plates in long bone fuses and no more growth is possible.
changes to body systems;
-changes of the reproductive systems including sex organs and the way they function
primary sex characteristics;
-the body that is directly involved in reproduction
secondary sex characteristics;
-changes that occur to both males and females but are not present at both and not directly related to reproduction

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15
Q

what is motor skills development?

A

-by the end puberty, the arms and legs are proportionate to the rest of the body and coordination improves. as the body matures during the youth, the individual will gain more control over it.

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16
Q

factors that might affect perceptions

A

-geographical location
-culture
-religion
-community value

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17
Q

what is intellectual development?

A

intellectual development is the increase of complexity of processes in the brain, such as thought, knowledge and memory.
It occurs due to changed in the complexity of the brain and continues as we learn new skills

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18
Q

types of intellectual development

A

-knowledge and memory
-language
-thought pattern and problem solving
-creativity and imagination
-attention

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19
Q

intellectual changes as youth transition into adulthood -
knowledge and memory

A

focus more on the future - this may lead to further study which require individuals to understand more complex concepts. as the brain develops, memory capacity increases

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20
Q

what is emotional development?

A

Occurs as individuals experience the full range of emotions and learn ways to appropriately express emotions. Resilience also further develops in this stage.

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21
Q

types of emotional development

A
  • develops self concept (how they see themselves)
    -experiencing the full range of emotions
    -learning appropriate ways of expressing and communicating emotions.
    -building resilience
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22
Q

what is social development?

A

increasing complexity of behaviour patterns used in relationships with other people.

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23
Q

types of social development

A
  • behaviours (table manners, being considerate)
    -social roles (son, daughter, friend and expectations)
    -relationship skills (conflict resolution, open communication)
    -communication skills (written and oral communication)
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24
Q

transitions of social development youth to adulthood

A

-peer groups are extremely more influenctional
-gain paid employment
-intimate relationships gain the role of boyfriend or girlfriend
-experience first sexual or intimate relationships
-conflict resolution is learned

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25
Q

Prenatal stage

A

fertilisation-birth
-fastest period of growth
-body structures and organs develop
-foetus is extremely vulnerable to environmental factors

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26
Q

infant stage

A

birth-2nd bday
-motor skills develop- crawling, sitting, walking
-language- babbling and simple words
-social skills- identify similar people, play social games
-emotional skills- throw tantrums when they don’t get their way

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27
Q

early childhood

A

2years-6th bday
-slow and steady growth
-social skills- make friends, eat dinner with family
-become toilet trained

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28
Q

late childhood

A

6th-12th bday
-learn to read and write
-develop numeracy skills
-understands gender stereotypes
-refining motor skills

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29
Q

youth

A

13-18
-begins with puberty and ends with sexual maturity
-growth is rapid
-becomes increasingly independent
-relationships become more complex

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30
Q

early adulthood

A

19-40
-body reaches physical peak (25-30) then goes to a slow and steady decline
-often a career is decided
-start a family and have children

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31
Q

middle adulthood

A

41-65
-stability in work and relationships
-maturation of beliefs and values
-financial security
-physical signs of aging
-children leave homes and establish their lives

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32
Q

late adulthood

A

65-dead
-retirement and financial security
-greater participation in volunteering and pleasure activities
-grief associated with loss of spouse, friends and siblings
-health declines
-clear signs of aging

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33
Q

characteristics of healthy and respectful relationships

A

-respect
-trust
-honesty
-loyalty
-empathy
-safety
-equality

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34
Q

healthy relationship impact on physical health

A

-do not suffer injuries from physical violence
-encourages physical activity improving healthy immune system

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35
Q

healthy relationship impact on social health

A

-interacting in a positive way and offer support
-allows the ability to manage and adapt to different social situations

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36
Q

healthy relationship impact on emotional health

A

helps to easily recognize and manage emotions
-emotional health is promoted through care and support

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37
Q

healthy relationship impact on mental health

A

stress levels remain low and support builds good self esteem and self confidence

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38
Q

healthy relationship impact on spiritual health

A

strong feeling of connectedness is fostered
-makes people feel comfortable and included

39
Q

what is intergenerational health and wellbeing?

A

the health and wellbeing and development of one generation influencing the health and wellbeing and development of the next

40
Q

how to grandparents positively impact development

A
  1. Social Development:
    Modeling Positive Social Behavior
    Encouraging Social Interaction
    Expanding Emotional Vocabulary
  2. Emotional Development:
    Unconditional Love and Acceptance
    Emotional Stability and Security
    Building Empathy and Compassion
  3. Physical Development:
    Physical Activities
    Encouraging Healthy Habits
    Providing Health Monitoring
41
Q

germinal stage

A

lasts 2 weeks
-fertilisation occurs and forms a zygote
-zygote travels down fallopean tubes
-the ball of cells becomes a blastocyst which implants into endometrium
-formation of placenta begins

42
Q

embroyonic stage

A

lasts 3-8 weeks
-characterised by cell differentiation and cells take on different roles
-organogensis starts and internal systems and organs begin to form
-embryo is VERY susceptible to teratogens

43
Q

foetal stage

A

9-38 weeks
-movement occurs
-the bones start to harden
-senses begin to function
-displays breathing movement of amniotic fluid

44
Q

protective factors (maternal diet)-
folate (folic acid)

A

-required for formation of red blood cells which transports oxygen
-Adequate folate consumption before and during pregnancy reduces the risk of neural tube defects, spinal bifida

45
Q

Iron

A

-required due to the increased demand of oxygen
-increased need for blood
-Iron is needed for haemoglobin, a component of blood that carries oxygen around the body. Additionally, the developing foetus draws iron from the mother to last it through the first five or six months after birth for its high growth demands

46
Q

Iodine

A

-very important in first 16 weeks of pregnancy
-ensures healthy development of a babies brain and nervous system
-deficiency can lead to stunted growth and intellectual disability

47
Q

alcohol during pregancy
health

A

-crosses from mothers blood to babies blood
-may result in foetal alcohol syndrome
-harm the development of brain and nervous system
-decrease oxygen supply
-cause placenta to seperate
-death
-premature birth/low birth weight
-heart working faster

48
Q

alcohol during pregancy
development

A

-low birth weight
-smaller head circumfrance
-small eyes and epicanthal folds
-flattened face
-underdeveloped verticle rides between mouth and nose
-smaller lower jaw
-heart defects
-restrictions of movement due to tightening of ligaments

49
Q

affects of smoking while pregnant

A

-low birthweight
-spontaeous abortion
-prematurity
-complications of the placenta
-birth defects
-lung function disnormalities
-respiratory conditions
-perinatal mortality

50
Q
A

emotional-
support through unconditional love
develop a secure attachment
help child with emotional regulation
social- influence social skills
exposure to different family environments
role modelling from parents
resources-
parent clubs
babysitters
child counsellors
parenting programs
peer support groups
childcare

51
Q

low birth weight

A

risk on health-
-reduced lung function
-feeding difficulties
-jaundice
-increased risk of asthma
development-
-reduced muscle bulk
-reduced coordination
-poor sucking and swallowing reflexes
-likely impaired learning capabilties
-poor eyesight
increased risk of deafness
increased risk of cerebral palsy

52
Q

overweight

A

short term-
physical discomfort
-bone and joint problems
-asthma or shortness of breath
-tiredness
-high blood pressure
-abnormal cholesterol levels
-interrupted sleep
-social and psychological stress
low self esteem
poor peer relationships

long term-
doubled risk of developing cardiovascular disease
3x risk of developing type 2 disbetes in adulthood
-increased risk of premature birth
poor self esteem- may lead to drinking or smoking

53
Q

play

A

-provides adequate environment promoting health
-reduction in fear, stress, anxiety and irritation
-increased empathy and sharing, improves relationships and attachment
-increased efficiency immune, endocrine and cardiovascular systems
increased agility and coordination, balance and fine motor skills
-creavitity, problem solving and learning skills

54
Q

what is Medicare?

A

Australias universal health insurance scheme.
Gives all Australians, permanent residents and people from countries with a reciprocal agreement access to healthcare that is subsidised by the federal governement.

55
Q

medicare- what’s covered? what’s not covered?

A

covered-
consultation fees
dermatologist
paediatrician
xrays
pathology tests
eye tests
not covered-
cosmetic surgery
dentist (most)
ambo
alternative medicines

56
Q

advantages and disadvantages of medicare

A

advantages-
reduced cost
covers tests and examinations
avaliable
disadvantages-
no choice of doctor at public hospital
waiting times can be long

57
Q

PBS- What is it?

A

Provides subsidised essential medication

58
Q

PBS costs

A

up to $31.60 for most medicines
$7.70 for concession

59
Q

advantages and disadvantages of PBS

A

advantages-
PBS safety net ensures people who spend a large amount of money on PBS medications receive additional financial support

60
Q

what is private health insurance?

A

a type of health insurance that individuals can purchase to cover some or all of the costs associated with medical treatment and healthcare services not covered by the public healthcare system (Medicare).

61
Q

advantages and disadvantages of private health insurance

A

advantages-
shorter waiting times
choice of doctor
private rooms
tax incentative
life time cover
disadvantages-
cost of premiums
out of pocket costs

62
Q

how does Medicare promote health?

A

-access to healthcare for free or subsidized costs
-equity and accessibility
-preventive health services (vaccines, health screenings)
-mental health support

63
Q

how does PBS promote health and wellbeing?

A

-affordable access to medications
-treatments for chronic conditions
-reduced finical burden

64
Q

how does private health insurance promote health and wellbeing

A

-choice and control
-enhanced mental health services
-improved access to timely treatments

65
Q

how does Medicare allow people to access GP

A

-bulk billing
-medicare benefits schedule

66
Q

access to dental care outside of medicare

A

Child Dental Benefits Schedule (CDBS)
This program is a government initiative designed to provide financial support for essential dental services for children and some young adults.
The Child Dental Benefits Schedule (CDBS) is an initiative that provides subsidized dental care for children aged 2 to 17 years. It covers basic dental services, such as:

Check-ups and exams
X-rays
Fillings
Extractions
Fissure sealants

provides up to $1,013 in benefits over two calendar years for eligible childre

67
Q

types of community services

A

doctors, dentists and hospitals
maternal and child services
sports or recreational clubs
headspace
places of worship
volunteering

68
Q

doctors dentists and hospitals

A

physical- treatment for physical ailments
mental- support from mental health
social- improved quality of life

69
Q

maternal and child services

A

physical- child health
emotional- counseling and support groups for parents
social- support networks

70
Q

sports or recreational clubs

A

physical- improves fitness
mental-stress relief
social- fosters community
emotional- builds teamwork

71
Q

headspace

A

mental- provides mental health serivces
emotion- improves emotional regultion
social- peer support

72
Q

places of worship

A

spiritual growth and connection
community engagement

73
Q

volunteering

A

physical-
completing physical tasks
mental- sense of purpose
emotional- reduction of loneliness
social- form social bonds

74
Q

local community healthcare that promotes physical and mental health

A

community health centres-
excersise classes
nutrition counselling
workshops and classes
counselling services
recreation facilities-
gym workouts

75
Q

paitents rights

A

-info about their diagnoses
-information from doctors about costs of proposed treatments
- seek other medical opinions
-info on visiting arrangements for family
-privacy of and access to their own medical records
-treatment with respect and diginity
-care and support from nurses and health professionals
-participant in decisions about their care
-make a comment or complaint about aspects of their care

76
Q

paitent responsibilities

A

-provide info about their past and present illnesses, hospitalisations, medications and other matters
-ask questions when they do not understand explanations given about the risks/benefits of the proposed healthcare, treatment or procedure
-follow any intructions or medical orders of their doctors, nurses and medical support to bring about the best outcome
-report any safety concerns
-treat medical staff with respect
-ask questions about costs before treatment

77
Q

factors affecting access to healthcare

A

gender
geographic location
socio-economic status
health literacy
cultural factors

78
Q

geographic location

A

access to healthcare for rural and remote Australians is not only limited by lower numbers of doctors, specialists and hospitals, but also by the reduced availability of current technology for diagnoses and treatment of paitents with both emergency and chronic health needs

79
Q

socioeconomic status

A

income-
out of pocket expenses
reduced option for transport
occupation-
working hours
cant take leave

80
Q

health literacy

A

low levels of education
language barriers

81
Q

culture

A

religious beliefs
values and expectations

82
Q

gender

A

limited opening hours of of work hours
social norms and values

83
Q

options for consumer complaints

A

have the right to complain through the HCC
The HCC manage complaints related to:

access to services

quality and safety

care and attention

respect, dignity and consideration

communication about treatment, options and costs

the level of involvement in healthcare decisions

access, privacy and confidentiality of personal health information

complaint handling by the health service provider.

84
Q

digital media for health and wellbeing

A

internet search engines
health and wellbeing websites and apps
technology based paitent consultations
virtual reality
symptom checkers

85
Q

assisted reproductive technologies

A

Ethical Issues:
Potential for human enhancement (e.g., cognitive, physical) leading to inequality.
Environmental risks of nanomaterials.

Privacy:
Protection of genetic and medical data.
Anonymity of donors and offspring’s right to know genetic origins.

Equity of Access:
ART is often expensive and not fully covered by public healthcare.
Geographical limitations on access to ART clinics.

Invasiveness:
ART procedures like IVF can be physically and emotionally invasive.

Freedom of Choice:
Choice to use ART can be influenced by social or financial pressures.

86
Q

AI and robots

A

Ethical Issues:

Autonomy of AI systems (who is responsible for mistakes made by machines?).
AI bias (e.g., misdiagnoses based on biased data).
Privacy:

Risk of misuse of health data collected by AI or robots.
Security of data and protection from hacking.
Equity of Access:

High cost of AI tools could limit access, creating disparities.
Disparities in training healthcare workers to use AI.
Invasiveness:

AI and robots can reduce invasiveness in surgeries but can lead to issues of human oversight.
Freedom of Choice:

Patient choice might be limited by the push for more AI-based treatments or surgeries.

87
Q

3D printing of body parts

A

Ethical Issues:

Ownership of body part designs and potential legal liabilities.
Genetic modification concerns with 3D printing.
Privacy:

Biometric data used for 3D printing could be misused or improperly stored.
Equity of Access:

High costs could limit access to 3D-printed organs and tissues, creating inequality.
Invasiveness:

3D-printed organs could reduce need for traditional organ transplants, offering less invasive options.
Freedom of Choice:

Patients may face pressures based on the availability or cost of printed body parts.

88
Q

stem cells

A

Ethical Issues:

Use of embryonic stem cells raises concerns about the destruction of embryos.
Potential for cloning or genetic manipulation.
Privacy:

Protection of genetic information in stem cell research.
Equity of Access:

Stem cell treatments can be expensive, limiting access to wealthier individuals or countries.
Invasiveness:

Stem cell procedures can be invasive and involve significant medical intervention.
Freedom of Choice:

Ethical and societal pressures may influence decisions around the use of stem cell therapies.

89
Q

internet search engines

A

Description:

Platforms to search for any information online, including health-related topics.
Allows users to access articles, research, and resources on health and wellbeing.
Advantages:

Quick Access to vast amounts of health information.
Self-Education: Helps individuals learn about conditions, symptoms, and treatments.
Free to Use: No cost to access information.
Disadvantages:

Accuracy Issues: Not all information is reliable or from credible sources.
Information Overload: Can lead to confusion due to too much information.
Potential for Misinformation: Some health websites may promote unverified or harmful advice.

90
Q

health and wellbeing websites and apps

A

Description:

Websites and mobile apps that provide health advice, fitness tracking, mental health resources, or medical information.
Examples: WebMD, Headspace, MyFitnessPal.
Advantages:

Convenient Access to health advice and tools from anywhere.
Personalized Plans: Many apps tailor health tips or fitness routines to individual needs.
Mental Health Support: Apps like Headspace help with stress relief and mindfulness.
Disadvantages:

Privacy Concerns: Personal data might be shared or exposed.
Reliability: Some apps/websites may provide generic or unverified information.
Cost: Some apps or features require a paid subscription.

91
Q

technology based patient consultations

A

Description:

Remote consultations with doctors or healthcare providers via video calls, phone calls, or messaging.
Enables healthcare access without needing to visit a clinic or hospital.
Advantages:

Convenient: Access to healthcare from home, especially for follow-up visits or non-urgent issues.
Increased Access: Useful for those in rural or remote areas.
Time-Saving: Reduces the need to travel for consultations.
Disadvantages:

Limited Physical Examination: Some conditions require in-person assessment.
Technology Barriers: Requires access to a computer or smartphone and reliable internet.
Lack of Personal Connection: Some patients may feel less comfortable discussing sensitive issues remotely.

92
Q

VR in healthcare

A

Description:

Technology that creates immersive, 3D simulated environments, often used for medical treatments, training, or therapy.
Used for pain management, mental health therapy, and physical rehabilitation.
Advantages:

Pain Management: Helps distract patients during procedures or manage chronic pain.
Mental Health Benefits: Used to treat anxiety, PTSD, or phobias.
Physical Therapy: Assists with rehabilitation by encouraging movement and engagement in exercises.
Disadvantages:

Cost: VR equipment can be expensive, limiting availability.
Motion Sickness: Some users may experience discomfort or nausea while using VR.
Limited Research: More studies are needed to fully understand the long-term effectiveness and safety.

93
Q

symptom checkers

A

Description:

Online tools or apps that allow users to input their symptoms and receive possible diagnoses or health advice.
Examples include WebMD Symptom Checker, Mayo Clinic Symptom Checker.
Advantages:

Quick Self-Assessment: Provides a starting point for understanding potential health issues.
Accessible: Available 24/7 and can be used by anyone with internet access.
Guides Next Steps: Helps users decide if they need to seek further medical care.
Disadvantages:

Not Always Accurate: Could lead to incorrect or overblown diagnoses.
No Physical Examination: Cannot replace a doctor’s full diagnosis.
Potential for Anxiety: Could cause unnecessary worry or panic if serious conditions are suggested.

Health and Human Development (8 decks)

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