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Biology > Unit 2 Exam > Flashcards

Unit 2 Exam Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Cell theory

A
  1. All organisms are composed of 1 or more cells
  2. Cells are the smallest unit of life
  3. New cells arise only by division of pre existing cells
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2
Q

Nuclear envelope

A

Protective phospholipid bilayer with pores allowing certain molecules to exit/enter

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3
Q

Cytoskeleton

A

Supports organelles and cell shape and plays a role in cell motion; microtubule, intermediate filament, actin filament

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4
Q

Microtubule

A

Tube of protein molecules

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5
Q

Intermediate filament

A

Intertwined Protein fibers that provide support and strength

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6
Q

Actin filament

A

Twisted protein fibers that are responsible for cell movement

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7
Q

Centriole

A

Complex assembly of microtubules that occurs in pairs

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8
Q

Cytoplasm

A

Semifluid matrix that contains the nucleus and other organelles

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9
Q

dehydration reaction

A

removal of OH- and H+ to form a covalent bond between monomers

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10
Q

hydrolysis reaction

A

hydrogen atom is attached to one subunit and and a hydroxyl group to the other, breaking a specific covalent bond in a macromolecule

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11
Q

isomers

A

organic molecules with the same molecular or empirical formula but different arrangement of atoms

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12
Q

structural isomers

A

differ in the actual carbon skeleton; ex. glucose and fructose

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13
Q

stereoisomers

A

differ in the spatial arrangement of groups attached to carbon skeleton; ex. glucose and galactose

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14
Q

chiral molecules

A

when 4 groups attached to carbon atom are different

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15
Q

enantiomers

A

mirror image isomers

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16
Q

polymers

A

constructed by joining together many small similar chemical subunits called monomers (carbohydrates, protein, and nucleic acids)

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17
Q

hydroxyl group

A

on all 4 macromolecules

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18
Q

carboxyl group

A

proteins and lipids

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19
Q

amino group

A

proteins and nucleic acids

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20
Q

methyl group

A

proteins and nucleic acids

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21
Q

functions of proteins (7)

A

enzymes (catalysts), structural support, defense (snake venom), transport (hormones like insulin), movement, regulation, and storage

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22
Q

nucleic acids

A

DNA/RNA, polymers of smaller molecules called nucleotides, made of sugar, nitrogenous base, and phosphate group

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23
Q

nucleotides in DNA

A

adenine (A), thymine (T), guanine (G), and cytosine (C)

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24
Q

base pairing in DNA

A

A pairs with T
G pairs with C

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25
Q

nucleotides in RNA

A

adenine (A), guanine (G), cytosine (C), and uracil (U)

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26
Q

base pairing in RNA

A

A pairs with U
G pairs with C

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27
Q

DNA vs RNA reactivity

A

DNA has deoxyribose sugar, has one less oxygen containing hydroxyl group, making it more stable than RNA, which has ribose sugar

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28
Q

DNA function

A

encodes genetic information and keeps it safe for reproduction

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29
Q

RNA function

A

reads the DNA code and uses it to build proteins, then moves it to ribosomal protein factories

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30
Q

bonds holding nucleic acids together

A

phosphodiester bonds

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31
Q

saturated

A

holds the max number of hydrogens per carbon

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32
Q

unsaturated

A

contains carbon-carbon double bonds, preventing them from binding to the max number of hydrogens

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33
Q

nucleolus

A

dense body of RNA and protein within nucleus, makes ribosomes

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34
Q

chromatin

A

consists of loosely coiled fibers of DNA and protein, condenses to form chromosome

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35
Q

ribosomes

A

located in prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells, made up of protein and RNA

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36
Q

monosaccharides

A

simple 6 carbon sugar molecules; glucose, fructose, and galactose

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37
Q

disaccharides

A

2 monosaccharides bonded together; lactose (glucose and galactose), maltose (glucose and glucose), sucrose (glucose and fructose)

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38
Q

polysaccharides

A

multiple monosaccharides

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39
Q

glycogen

A

polysaccharide made of glucose units, used for energy storage in animals

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40
Q

starch

A

polysaccharide used for energy storage in plants

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41
Q

cellulose

A

polysaccharide used in plants for structural support

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42
Q

amino acid

A

monomer of protein, contain an amino group and an acidic carboxylic acid group

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43
Q

peptide bond

A

covalent bond that links 2 amino acids together

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44
Q

primary structure of a protein

A

amino acid sequence

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45
Q

secondary structure of a protein

A

hydrogen bonding patterns

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46
Q

tertiary structure of a protein

A

final folding into shape of a globular protein

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47
Q

quaternary structure of a protein

A

arrangement of subunits, when 2 or more polypeptide chains associate to form a protein

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48
Q

triglyceride

A

one glycerol molecule attached to 3 fatty acids

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49
Q

glycerol

A

each carbon bears a hydroxyl group, forms the backbone of a lipid molecule

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50
Q

phospholipid

A

glycerol, fatty acids, and a phosphate group

51
Q

endoplasmic reticulum

A

network of interconnected membranes

52
Q

rough ER

A

synthesizes proteins, rough with ribosomes

53
Q

smooth ER

A

synthesizes lipids and hormones, contain significantly less ribosomes, contain many embedded enzymes

54
Q

golgi apparatus

A

“packaging,” (post office for the cell), receives proteins from rough ER to pack up and ship out, consists of flattened sacs connected to ER, uses transport vesicle made up of phospholipids

55
Q

lysosomes

A

“cleanup crew,” tiny membrane sacs containing enzymes to break down carbohydrates, proteins, and nucleic acids, absorbs problems to break it down safely

56
Q

peroxisome

A

type of microbody with several oxidase enzymes that attack organic substances and degrade toxins, hydrogen peroxide is a byproduct and toxic to cells, so it pumps out catalase, an enzyme to clean it up

57
Q

mitochondria

A

elongated fluid-filled sacs free in cytosol, produce key enzymes for metabolism and produces large amounts of ATP

58
Q

microbody

A

enzyme-bearing vesicles in eukaryotic cells

59
Q

proteasomes

A

large, cylindrical complexes that cells use to recycle their proteins

60
Q

vacuoles

A

specialized membrane bound structures in plant cells

61
Q

cristae

A

inner, folded membrane in mitochondria

62
Q

chloroplasts

A

use light to generate ATP in plant cells

63
Q

endosymbiosis

A

proposes that some of today’s eukaryotic organelles evolved as a consequence of symbiosis arising between two cells that were originally thought to be free living; ex. mitochondria might have originated as bacteria

64
Q

chlorophyll

A

photopigment, makes plants green, can absorb light energy

65
Q

nucleoid

A

in prokaryotes that hold DNA, not within a membrane

66
Q

ribosomes

A

large, macromolecular machines composed of RNA and proteins, that synthesize all cellular proteins

67
Q

ribosomal RNA

A

combination of RNA

68
Q

messenger RNA

A

mRNA, carries coding information from DNA

69
Q

transfer RNA

A

tRNA, carries amino acids

70
Q

endocytosis

A

moves material in cell

71
Q

phagocytosis

A

cell taking in solid particles of food

72
Q

pinocytosis

A

cell taking in fluids

73
Q

exocytosis

A

exporting material out of cell, likely through secretory vesicle

74
Q

cytoskeleton

A

dynamic system that support the shape of the cell and anchor organelle to specific locations; actin filament, intermediate filament, and microtubules

75
Q

actin filament

A

microfilaments, made up of globular protein actin, tiny rods arranged in meshwork or bundles that aid in cellular movement

76
Q

microtubules

A

largest, long slender tubes that form a cellular skeleton to help maintain cell shape, made up of alpha and beta tubulin

77
Q

intermediate filament

A

most durable and versatile, tough fibrous, provide more structural stability; ex. keratin

78
Q

centrosome

A

nonmembranous structure near the golgi apparatus, houses centrioles, microtubules organizing center

79
Q

centrioles

A

barrel shaped organelles that are important for cell division

80
Q

motility

A

ability of a cell to move

81
Q

taxis

A

directed movement, movement with a purpose

82
Q

flagella

A

rod like extensions of a cell used for movement

83
Q

flagella in prokaryotic cells

A

rotate on proton pump, accelerating the cell forward, made up of microtubules, small and narrower

84
Q

flagella in eukaryotic cells

A

use ATP to move, run in a bending movement, consists of tubulin proteins, large and thick

85
Q

cilia

A

many hair like extensions used to move the cell or items over the cell; ex. food in trachea is moved out by cilia

86
Q

cell wall in bacteria

A

peptidoglycan

87
Q

cell wall in plants

A

made of cellulose

88
Q

glycolipids

A

lipids with carbohydrate heads

89
Q

collagen fibers

A

made of collagen fibers with higher tensile strength

90
Q

elastin fibers

A

generally lower tensile strength but higher elasticity

91
Q

fibronectin

A

glycoprotein, shorter fibers that connect to other fibers

92
Q

extracellular matrix in animal cells

A

collagen fibers, elastin fibers, and fibronectin fibers

93
Q

MHC proteins

A

self from non self recognition

94
Q

glycoprotein

A

protein with carbohydrate attached to polypeptide

95
Q

adherin junctions

A

use the protein cadherin (glycoprotein) to link cells by “zippering,” link cells together and connect to actin filament, underneath septate/tight junctions

96
Q

desmosomes

A

unique to vertebrates, cadherin based junction, usually circular or spot like

97
Q

septate junctions

A

found in invertebrates, ladder like structure of protein to seal off a sheet of cells or block passage of material between cells

98
Q

gap junctions

A

in animal cells, specialized protein channels that directly connect the cytoplasm of neighboring cells; cell to cell communication; typically the bottom junction

99
Q

plasmodesmata

A

cytoplasmic bridges that connect plant cells, allowing molecules to travel between them, through cell walls

100
Q

tight junctions

A

found in vertebrates, belt-like attachment around cells, creating a permeability barrier, separating tissue spaces and regulating movement

101
Q

4 components of cell membranes

A

phospholipid bilayer, integral membrane proteins, peripheral membrane proteins, cell-surface markers

102
Q

functions of plasma membrane proteins

A

transporters, enzymes, cell-surface receptors, cell surface identity markers, cell to cell adhesion, cytoskeleton anchor

103
Q

transmembrane domain

A

integral membrane proteins reach from inside to outside of cell, alpha helixes

104
Q

pore protein

A

transmembrane protein porin creates large open tunnels (pores) in a membrane with beta-pleated sheets

105
Q

diffusion

A

net movement of substances from areas of high concentration to low concentration; ex. oxygen and steroid molecules are nonpolar so they easily pass through the membrane if concentration gradient permits

106
Q

simple diffusion

A

diffusion that requires no energy, based on unequal concentrations, substances can pass between the phopholipids

107
Q

facilitated diffusion

A

passive diffusion, requiring no energy, but done through specialized membrane channels, required for polar molecules

108
Q

ion channels

A

hydrophilic interior that provides an aqueous channel for ions to pass through when open

109
Q

carrier proteins

A

bind specifically to the molecule they assist to go in/out of cell

110
Q

hypertonic solution

A

solution with higher concentration, water moves out of cell, cell shrivels up

111
Q

hypotonic solution

A

solution with lower concentration, water moves into cell, cell swells

112
Q

isotonic solution

A

when 2 solutions have the same osmotic concentration

113
Q

aquaporins

A

specialized protein channels for water

114
Q

osmotic pressure

A

force needed to stop osmotic flow

115
Q

hydrostatic pressure

A

pressure of the cytoplasm pushing out against the cell membrane

116
Q

active transport

A

uses energy to power the movement of materials across a membrane against a concentration gradient

117
Q

uniporters

A

transport a single type of molecule

118
Q

symporters

A

transport 2 molecules in the same direction

119
Q

antiporters

A

transport 2 molecules in the different directions

120
Q

sodium potassium pump

A

active transport by antiporters to pump sodium into a cell and potassium out of a cell
1. ATP and 3 Na+ ions bind to pump
2. bound ATP is used to phosphorylate the pump
3. Na+ loses affinity to pump and diffuses away
4. 2 K+ ions are attracted to it and enters pump
5. dephosphorylation of protein, pushes K+ ions away
6. ATP binds again

121
Q

coupled transport

A

transporting 2 substances across membrane; ex. membrane protein transports Na+ and glucose tags along by using the potential energy created by the sodium potassium pump

122
Q

receptor-mediated endocytosis

A

cells have pits coated with protein clathrin that initiate when target molecules bind to receptor proteins

123
Q

counter transport

A

active transport, where movement of a molecule across a membrane is matched by the movement of a different molecule in the opposite direction; ex. using potential energy of Na+ transport in sodium potassium pump to transport Ca+ ions in opposite direction

Biology (5 decks)

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