Unit 1 Exam Flashcards
4 Macromolecules
carbohydrates, lipids, nucleic acid, and proteins
5 fundamental properties by all living things
cellular organization, energy utilization, homeostasis, growth/development/reproduction, and heredity
hierarchy on the cellular level
atoms to molecules to macromolecules to organelles to cells
hierarchy on the organismal level
tissues to organs to organ systems
hierarchy on the population level
population to species to biological community
molecule
chemical component of cells
cell
smallest unit of life
tissue
group of similar cells that perform the same function
organ
a structure with two or more tissues working together to perform a function
organ systems
at least two or more organs working together to perform a function
individual
a single organism
population
all individuals of the same species in an area
biological community
all the species in an ecosystem that can interact
ecosystem
a community and its physical environment that can interact
biosphere
part of the earth that supports life
homologous structures
have same evolutionary origin but differ in structure and function
analogous structures
have similar function but different evolutionary origins
phylogenetic tree
family tree of a gene, pattern of descent through evolution
taxonomy
Genus species
domains of life
bacteria, archaea, and eukarya
domain bacteria
unicellular prokaryotic organisms
domain archaea
unicellular prokaryotic organisms; most live in extreme environments
domain eukarya
eukaryotic cells that contain a membrane-bound nucleus and internal compartments
kingdoms under domain eukarya
protists, fungi, plants, animals
kingdom protists
algae, protozoans, unicellular
3 types of bacteria
rod shaped (bacillus), cocci, spiral shaped
classification of living things in order of most inclusive to least inclusive
domain to kingdom to phylum to class to order to family to genus to species
7 steps to scientific method in order
observation to form a question to hypothesis to prediction to experiment/further observations to results to conclusion
inductive reasoning
using a number of specific observations to derive generalizations, going from specific to broad, ex. observe different species have cells, therefore all living things are made of cells
deductive reasoning
using general premises to extrapolate specific predictions if those generalizations are true, going from broad to specific, ex. testosterone mediates expression of male traits used in social communication
directional prediction
specific prediction, ex. testosterone will increase/decrease the size of the VNO
nondirectional prediction
nonspecific prediction, ex. testosterone will change the size of the VNO
null hypothesis
the effect being studied does not exist, no relationship between variables, ex. testosterone will have no effect on the VNO
independent variable
an experimental factor that is manipulated
dependent variable
an experimental factor that is measured
control
group that receives all treatment except independent variable, kept to the status quo
Georges Cuvier
proposed catastrophic events led to extinction of large numbers of animals, said wooly mammoths are extinct (which was controversial)
Lamarck
proposed an evolutionary theory based on 2 major concepts, use and disuse, and inheritance of acquired characteristics, ex. giraffes have long necks because every generation kept stretching their necks to reach the trees
Charles Darwin
observed fossils and species from all over the world, explained the concept of organic evolution proceeds by the process of natural selection
adaptation
any trait that improves survival and reproduction
artificial selection
when humans select traits and alter survival and reproduction, ex. dog breeding
vestigial
anatomical features that are reduced and no longer functional
convergent evolution
living in similar environments develop similar traits, analogous traits
unity of life
evolutionary conservation
diversity of life
evolutionary change
unifying concepts in biology
- life is subject to natural laws
- structure is associated with function
- living systems transform energy and matter
- living systems transmit “information” through DNA
- the unity and diversity of life arises from evolutionary processes
emergent properties
new functions arise as the product of the functions from the lower level, ex. your lungs help you breathe because of all the cells functioning as a unit
atomic number
number of protons in an atom
isotopes
atoms of the same element with different numbers of neutrons
atomic mass
sum of the masses of protons and neutrons
4 most common elements of life
H, C, N, O
cohesion forces
attraction to self (H bonds between water molecules), allows water to exist as liquid over range of temperatures, produces surface tension
adhesion forces
attraction to other substances, ex. water attracted to glass in a tube creating a meniscus, capillary action
specific heat
amount of heat needed to raise the temperature of 1 g of a substance by 1 ºC
heat of vaporization
amount of heat required to change 1g of a substance from liquid to gas phase
