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Biology > Unit 1 Exam > Flashcards

Unit 1 Exam Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

4 Macromolecules

A

carbohydrates, lipids, nucleic acid, and proteins

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2
Q

5 fundamental properties by all living things

A

cellular organization, energy utilization, homeostasis, growth/development/reproduction, and heredity

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3
Q

hierarchy on the cellular level

A

atoms to molecules to macromolecules to organelles to cells

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4
Q

hierarchy on the organismal level

A

tissues to organs to organ systems

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5
Q

hierarchy on the population level

A

population to species to biological community

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6
Q

molecule

A

chemical component of cells

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7
Q

cell

A

smallest unit of life

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8
Q

tissue

A

group of similar cells that perform the same function

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9
Q

organ

A

a structure with two or more tissues working together to perform a function

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10
Q

organ systems

A

at least two or more organs working together to perform a function

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11
Q

individual

A

a single organism

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12
Q

population

A

all individuals of the same species in an area

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13
Q

biological community

A

all the species in an ecosystem that can interact

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14
Q

ecosystem

A

a community and its physical environment that can interact

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15
Q

biosphere

A

part of the earth that supports life

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16
Q

homologous structures

A

have same evolutionary origin but differ in structure and function

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17
Q

analogous structures

A

have similar function but different evolutionary origins

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18
Q

phylogenetic tree

A

family tree of a gene, pattern of descent through evolution

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19
Q

taxonomy

A

Genus species

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20
Q

domains of life

A

bacteria, archaea, and eukarya

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21
Q

domain bacteria

A

unicellular prokaryotic organisms

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22
Q

domain archaea

A

unicellular prokaryotic organisms; most live in extreme environments

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23
Q

domain eukarya

A

eukaryotic cells that contain a membrane-bound nucleus and internal compartments

24
Q

kingdoms under domain eukarya

A

protists, fungi, plants, animals

25
Q

kingdom protists

A

algae, protozoans, unicellular

26
Q

3 types of bacteria

A

rod shaped (bacillus), cocci, spiral shaped

27
Q

classification of living things in order of most inclusive to least inclusive

A

domain to kingdom to phylum to class to order to family to genus to species

28
Q

7 steps to scientific method in order

A

observation to form a question to hypothesis to prediction to experiment/further observations to results to conclusion

29
Q

inductive reasoning

A

using a number of specific observations to derive generalizations, going from specific to broad, ex. observe different species have cells, therefore all living things are made of cells

30
Q

deductive reasoning

A

using general premises to extrapolate specific predictions if those generalizations are true, going from broad to specific, ex. testosterone mediates expression of male traits used in social communication

31
Q

directional prediction

A

specific prediction, ex. testosterone will increase/decrease the size of the VNO

32
Q

nondirectional prediction

A

nonspecific prediction, ex. testosterone will change the size of the VNO

33
Q

null hypothesis

A

the effect being studied does not exist, no relationship between variables, ex. testosterone will have no effect on the VNO

34
Q

independent variable

A

an experimental factor that is manipulated

35
Q

dependent variable

A

an experimental factor that is measured

36
Q

control

A

group that receives all treatment except independent variable, kept to the status quo

37
Q

Georges Cuvier

A

proposed catastrophic events led to extinction of large numbers of animals, said wooly mammoths are extinct (which was controversial)

38
Q

Lamarck

A

proposed an evolutionary theory based on 2 major concepts, use and disuse, and inheritance of acquired characteristics, ex. giraffes have long necks because every generation kept stretching their necks to reach the trees

39
Q

Charles Darwin

A

observed fossils and species from all over the world, explained the concept of organic evolution proceeds by the process of natural selection

40
Q

adaptation

A

any trait that improves survival and reproduction

41
Q

artificial selection

A

when humans select traits and alter survival and reproduction, ex. dog breeding

42
Q

vestigial

A

anatomical features that are reduced and no longer functional

43
Q

convergent evolution

A

living in similar environments develop similar traits, analogous traits

44
Q

unity of life

A

evolutionary conservation

45
Q

diversity of life

A

evolutionary change

46
Q

unifying concepts in biology

A
  1. life is subject to natural laws
  2. structure is associated with function
  3. living systems transform energy and matter
  4. living systems transmit “information” through DNA
  5. the unity and diversity of life arises from evolutionary processes
47
Q

emergent properties

A

new functions arise as the product of the functions from the lower level, ex. your lungs help you breathe because of all the cells functioning as a unit

48
Q

atomic number

A

number of protons in an atom

49
Q

isotopes

A

atoms of the same element with different numbers of neutrons

50
Q

atomic mass

A

sum of the masses of protons and neutrons

51
Q

4 most common elements of life

A

H, C, N, O

52
Q

cohesion forces

A

attraction to self (H bonds between water molecules), allows water to exist as liquid over range of temperatures, produces surface tension

53
Q

adhesion forces

A

attraction to other substances, ex. water attracted to glass in a tube creating a meniscus, capillary action

54
Q

specific heat

A

amount of heat needed to raise the temperature of 1 g of a substance by 1 ºC

55
Q

heat of vaporization

A

amount of heat required to change 1g of a substance from liquid to gas phase

Biology (5 decks)

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