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Honors World History A > Unit 2: Early Civilizations Vocabulary > Flashcards

Unit 2: Early Civilizations Vocabulary Flashcards

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1
Q

Climate Map Definition

A

A map that shows information about the climate of different parts of the world

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2
Q

Deductive Reasoning Definition

A

the process of developing a general statement or hypothesis about a topic, then examining sources to come up with a logical conclusion

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3
Q

Homo sapiens Definition

A

The primate species to which modern humans belong

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4
Q

Inductive Reasoning Definition

A

The process of making broad generalizations about a topic from specific observations

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5
Q

Physical Geography Definition

A

A branch of geography focused on physical features and processes

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6
Q

Physical Map Definition

A

A map showing the geographic features on an area

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7
Q

Pull factors Definition

A

positive factors that prompt migration to a location

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8
Q

Push Factors Definition

A

negative factors that prompt migration away from a location

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9
Q

Thematic Map Definition

A

a map that shows one or more specific themes of an area

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10
Q

Bering Strait Definition

A

the strait separating the Chukchi Peninsula of Russia from the Seward Peninsula of Alaska

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11
Q

Complex Society Definition

A

a society that has a clear social structure, hierarchy, and system of government, and has developed to include different elements of culture such as religious practices, arts, and the use of technology to solve problems within the society

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12
Q

Cuneiform Definition

A

an ancient writing system used in Sumer in the Fertile Crescent

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13
Q

Domestication Definition

A

the process of breeding a wild plant or animal for food

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14
Q

Fertile Crescent Definition

A

an area in the present-day Middle East, where some of the first agricultural societies began to develop; it is located along and around the Tigris and Euphrates rivers, which flow through modern Iraq, Syria, and Turkey

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15
Q

Hunter-gatherer Society Definition

A

a nomadic group that killed animals for food and set aside plants and grains for later consumption

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16
Q

Historical Hypothesis Definition

A

a claim or statement that can be proved with evidence

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17
Q

Neolithic Revolution Definition

A

the time around 10,000 BCE when early humans began to abandon hunter-gathering to take up farming and establish permanent settlements

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18
Q

Anthropologist Definition

A

a person who studies the development of human societies and cultures

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19
Q

Archaeologist Definition

A

a person who studies human history by examining artifacts

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20
Q

Code of Hammurabi Definition

A

an early legal code from Mesopotamia

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21
Q

Sedentary Definition

A

a way of life defined by permanent settlements

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22
Q

Ziggurat Definition

A

a pyramid-like religious temple in the Fertile Crescent; might have inspired the early Egyptian pyramids

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23
Q

Aqueduct Definition

A

A manmade system for moving water

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24
Q

City-state Definition

A

a political system in which the leaders of the city can make all decisions for the people within their territory and are not overruled by a larger centralized government

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25
Q

Colony Definition

A

A permanent settlement established away from a homeland

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26
Q

Empire Definition

A

a system of government in which there is one authority (individual or group) who rules over a large territory

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27
Q

Fresco Definition

A

a type of artwork that involves painting on wet plaster in order to retain vibrant colors

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28
Q

Homogenous Definition

A

referring to similar things

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29
Q

Latins Definition

A

the predecessors to the Romans who settled along the Tiber River in Rome

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30
Q

Mosaic Definition

A

a decorative image created from small colored stones, ceramics, or glass

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31
Q

Topography Definition

A

The surface of terrain

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32
Q

Traverse Definition

A

To move or walk across

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33
Q

Urban Planning Definition

A

The intentional development and design of urban areas (cities)

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34
Q

Alloy Definition

A

a mixture of metals

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35
Q

Etymology Definition

A

The study of the origin of words

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36
Q

Metallurgy Definition

A

The process of mining, mixing, and using metals

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37
Q

Obsidian Definition

A

Volcanic glass that is one of the sharpest materials in the world

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38
Q

Sinew Definition

A

An extremely strong fiber that holds muscles and bones together

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39
Q

Textile Definition

A

A product made from cloth

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40
Q

Agrarian Definition

A

Related to farming

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41
Q

Basin Irrigation Definition

A

a type of watering system that floods entire fields between canals

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42
Q

Head-dam Definition

A

a structure at the beginning of a canal that controls the flow of water

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43
Q

Monsoon Definition

A

A weather event with extreme rainfall

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44
Q

Regulator-dam Definition

A

a structure inside a canal system that controls the flow of water

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45
Q

Silt Definition

A

The sediment and nutrients that fertilize crops

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46
Q

Aesthetic Definition

A

the way things look; valuing beauty above all else

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47
Q

Legitimacy Definition

A

The right of a government or ruler to have power

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48
Q

Dynasty Definition

A

A series of rulers from the same family

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49
Q

Hieroglyphics Definition

A

a system of writing using images to represent sounds

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50
Q

Lower Egypt Definition

A

the area of Egypt near the Nile Delta, close to the Mediterranean Sea

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51
Q

Upper Egypt Definition

A

the area of Egypt that is in the southern part of Egypt, near Lake Nasser, where much of the Nile gets its waterflow

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52
Q

Vassal Leadership System Definition

A

a government system in which a ruler appoints someone to own and oversee land, often an outside source from the native population

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53
Q

Plural Society Definition

A

a society incorporating numerous cultures into a single, unified organization

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54
Q

Smelting Definition

A

the process of removing metal from its ore by heating and melting it

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55
Q

Common Era Definition

A

The period of time starting with the year 1 using the Gregorian calendar

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56
Q

Standing Army Definition

A

A permanent army with paid soldiers

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57
Q

Treaty Definition

A

An agreement between two governments

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58
Q

Labor Specialization Definition

A

the division of labor in a society in which different members perform different jobs

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59
Q

Social Class Definition

A

the division of people based on their social and economic power in a society

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60
Q

Social Hierarchy Definition

A

A system that exists within a community in which members have unequal power

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61
Q

Patriarchal Society Definition

A

A social system in which men hold the most power and restrict the lives and rights of women

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62
Q

Patriarchy Definition

A

A system in which men hold the most power and exclude women

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63
Q

Social Stratification Definition

A

The separation of people based on their power and labor specialization

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64
Q

Social Structure Definition

A

the organization of people based on their social and economic power in a society

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65
Q

Chattel Slavery Definition

A

the enslaving and owning of human beings and their children; in the system of chattel slavery, people were treated like livestock and families were enslaved for generations

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66
Q

Prisoner of War Definition

A

A person held prisoner by the enemy during wartime

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67
Q

Slavery Definition

A

When one human is the legal property of another

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68
Q

Alexander the Great Definition

A

king of Macedonia who ruled over a large area of land from Europe to Asia

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69
Q

Ashoka Definition

A

The third ruler of the Mauryan Empire

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70
Q

Bindusara Definition

A

The second ruler of the Mauryan Empire

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71
Q

Brihadratha Definition

A

the last ruler of the Mauryan Empire

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72
Q

Bureaucracy Definition

A

the departments, agencies, and commissions within a government that often make important decisions

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73
Q

Chandragupta Maurya Definition

A

first ruler of the Mauryan Empire

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74
Q

Edict Definition

A

an official order or rule given by a person of authority

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75
Q

Emissary Definition

A

Someone who is sent on a special mission

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76
Q

Ganges River Definition

A

A River in northeastern India

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77
Q

Indian Subcontinent Definition

A

a geographical region in South Asia composed of the modern-day countries of Pakistan, India, and Bangladesh

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78
Q

Mauryan Empire Definition

A

an empire that ruled parts of the Indian subcontinent from 321 to 185 BCE

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79
Q

Pataliputra Definition

A

the capital of the Mauryan Empire

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80
Q

Punjab Definition

A

A geographical region in northwestern India

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81
Q

Seleucids Definition

A

A group of people who were early enemies of the Mauryan Empire

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82
Q

Shunga Empire Definition

A

the empire that ruled parts of the Indian subcontinent after the Mauryan Empire

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83
Q

Son River Definition

A

A river in central India

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84
Q

Vacuum of Power Definition

A

a condition in which someone has lost power, usually a ruler, and there is no one to replace them

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85
Q

Amu Darya Definition

A

A major river in Central Asia

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86
Q

Arable Land Definition

A

Land that can be used by humans to grow plants

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87
Q

Canal Definition

A

An artificial river

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88
Q

Gandhara Definition

A

A location in modern-day northwestern Pakistan and eastern Afghanistan

89
Q

Kushan Empire Definition

A

an empire that controlled land in South and Central Asia in the first, second, and third centuries CE

90
Q

Kushan People Definition

A

People from the Kushan Empire

91
Q

Syr Darya Definition

A

A major River in Central Asia

92
Q

Zoroastrian Definition

A

coming from or belonging to Zoroastrianism, a religion that started in Iran thousands of years ago; it is still practiced by hundreds of thousands of people worldwide

93
Q

Gupta Empire Definition

A

an empire that ruled over much of what is now the country of India from the early fourth to the late sixth centuries CE

94
Q

Gunpowder Definition

A

an explosive used in weapons such as guns and cannons

95
Q

Gunpowder Empires Definition

A

a name given to the Safavid, Mughal, and Ottoman Empires as they used gunpowder in their military weaponry in order to build their empires

96
Q

Islamic Empires Definition

A

Empires that have Islam as their official religion

97
Q

Mongol Empire Definition

A

a land-based empire founded in the twelfth century CE by Genghis Khan in what is now the country of Mongolia

98
Q

Mughal Empire Definition

A

an empire that ruled over land in the modern-day countries of Pakistan, India, and Bangladesh

99
Q

Ottoman Empire Definition

A

an Islamic empire founded in the fourteenth century CE in what is now the country of Turkey

100
Q

Safavid Empire Definition

A

an empire that ruled over land in the modern-day countries of Iran, Azerbaijan, Armenia, parts of Russia, Iraq, and Afghanistan

101
Q

Buddhism Definition

A

a belief system that teaches human life is full of suffering as a result of desire and that meditation, self-reflection, and moral behavior will lead to the goal of enlightenment

102
Q

Caste System Definition

A

social levels within a society that are strictly defined, for example in ancient Indian culture; each level has its own duties and individuals are expected to marry someone from their own level, take a job appropriate to their level, etc.

103
Q

Confucianism Definition

A

a philosophical system centered on virtue, education, and respect to achieve harmony

104
Q

Feudal System Definition

A

a system of organization involving landownership in which a central authority grants land to individuals with power over regional territories and its citizens in exchange for tax revenue, crops, and soldiers

105
Q

Legalism Definition

A

the doctrine in Chinese philosophy that political order should be established by a strong central government that creates strict laws and standards enforced by rewards and punishments

106
Q

Mandate of Heaven Definition

A

a Chinese philosophy claiming that it is the natural order of things for a morally fair leader to be the “Son of Heaven”; a system that was used in ancient China to justify the position of ruler based on their being chosen by the universe

107
Q

Taoism (Daoism) Definition

A

a philosophical system focused on harmony, balance, and simplicity

108
Q

Yin Yang Definition

A

the ancient Chinese concept of duality of nature, representing the flow of different forces such as good and evil; represents how all things are interconnected and balanced; the Taoist concept of balance where opposites like dark and light, fast and slow, hard and soft, act together to create the living processes of nature

109
Q

Crossbow Definition

A

a kind of bow that shoots horizontally versus vertically and has a mechanism that shoots projectiles down a wooden groove by releasing a string

110
Q

Enlightenment Definition

A

The attainment of full spiritual awareness

111
Q

Standardized Definition

A

a widely accepted form of measurement or quality; a universally used system

112
Q

Artisan Definition

A

A skilled worker in a trade; a craftsperson who is an expert in a certain trade

113
Q

Assimilate Definition

A

Absorb into the dominant culture

114
Q

Caravan Definition

A

A group of people (merchants) traveling together, usually to trade with others

115
Q

Colonization Definition

A

the process a country takes to control a foreign land and its people for economic gain

116
Q

Commerce Definition

A

Trade; buying and selling

117
Q

Junk Definition

A

a ship from the Han and Tang dynasties in China with sails, a stern rudder for steering, and oars; capable of carrying large amounts of cargo

118
Q

Meritocracy Definition

A

a system of government based on education or merit

119
Q

Monopoly Definition

A

a single party controls all of a market, good, or service; no competition

120
Q

Province Definition

A

territory of an empire or country controlled by a local government that acts as part of the central government

121
Q

Silk Road Definition

A

a network of trade routes connecting China to Asia, Europe, and North Africa

122
Q

Virtue Definition

A

Acting with high moral standards

123
Q

Voucher Definition

A

A paper that can be exchanged for a good; credit

124
Q

Alchemist Definition

A

a person who mixes or manipulates different materials or elements to create something that has healing or mystical powers

125
Q

Bureaucratic Definition

A

having an organized division of labor

126
Q

Cartography Definition

A

The study of mapmaking

127
Q

Granary Definition

A

A place for storing large amounts of grain

128
Q

Heredity Definition

A

the inheritance of property or a position of rank after a person’s death

129
Q

Hydraulic Definition

A

Water or another liquid under pressure resulting in a device moving up and down

130
Q

Loom Definition

A

A machine for weaving yarn or thread into fabric

131
Q

Navigation Definition

A

the study of steering a boat or other form of travel, typically using a compass and maps

132
Q

Rudder Definition

A

a piece of wood or metal with a hinge to move back and forth that is found under the stern (back) of a boat used to steer

133
Q

Brahman Definition

A

in Hinduism, the ultimate reality, source and purpose of all spiritual understanding, often described as indescribable

134
Q

Buddha Definition

A

any “enlightened one,” but generally referring to Prince Siddhartha Gautama, whose teachings are the primary source of Buddhism

135
Q

Buddhism Definition

A

Eastern religion, prominent in India and across East and Southeast Asia, that seeks to understand the true sources of suffering and the method to eliminate them, the Four Noble Truths

136
Q

Four Noble Truths Definition

A

in Buddhism, a summary of the causes of suffering and the method of eliminating them

137
Q

Hinduism Definition

A

Eastern religion, originating in India; a diverse set of religious practices that aim to help the soul to rejoin Brahman or ultimate reality

138
Q

Indus River Valley Definition

A

The fertile basin surrounding the Indus River in modern-day Pakistan, in which ancient civilizations arose

139
Q

Meditation Definition

A

the act of focusing on one’s own thoughts; in some Eastern religious traditions many particular forms of meditation have been developed as part of spiritual practices

140
Q

Oral Tradition Definition

A

the passing down of beliefs, stories and practices through teaching without the use of writing

141
Q

Reincarnated Definition

A

in Hinduism, when a living thing has died and its soul is reborn into another body

142
Q

Scripture Definition

A

a written text considered to be of major importance to a religious tradition

143
Q

Subcontinent Definition

A

A large landmass within a continent

144
Q

Vedas Definition

A

ancient Hindu scriptures, written between the fifteenth and fifth centuries BCE, based on oral traditions

145
Q

Yoga Definition

A

Ancient Hindu practice developed to unite body, mind, and spirit

146
Q

Asoka Chakra Definition

A

a Buddhist symbol of a wheel with 24 spokes that appears on many monuments erected by Asoka and also on the modern flag of India

147
Q

Capital Definition

A

An architectural term referring to the top portion of a column

148
Q

Relic Definition

A

An object of religious significance from the past

149
Q

Stupa Definition

A

A Buddhist shrine or monument containing relics

150
Q

UNESCO World Heritage Site Definition

A

a site designated by the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO) to protect and preserve culture and history around the world; these sites are considered valuable to all of humanity because of their cultural significance.

151
Q

Oracle Definition

A

a person, often a priest or priestess, through whom a god or gods are believed to send messages or advice

152
Q

Orientalism Definition

A

the use of inaccurate representations of an Asian culture that emphasize its “exotic” or “uncivilized” aspects, seen in some European art and writing from the nineteenth century

153
Q

Romanization Definition

A

The representation of the pronunciation of a language using the Latin (Roman) or English alphabet

154
Q

Wu Wei Definition

A

the Taoist concept of acting in alignment with nature in order to accomplish much with little effort

155
Q

Warring States Period Definition

A

a period in ancient Chinese history (475–221 BCE) in which several smaller states or kingdoms fought for power and control of what is now the modern country of China

156
Q

Crusades Definition

A

a series of military and religious movements by Europeans seeking to conquer Muslim lands associated with the life of Jesus and expand Christianity

157
Q

Ortaq System Definition

A

a trade practice that paired a Mongol elite or government official with a merchant traveling the Silk Road trade route

158
Q

Black Death Definition

A

a pandemic that swept through Asia, Africa, and Europe between 1346–1353, killing between 75 million and 200 million people; also known as the bubonic plague

159
Q

Indian Ocean Trade Network Definition

A

a series of sailing routes across the Indian Ocean that connected Asia, Africa, and the Middle East

160
Q

Spice Routes Definition

A

the maritime (sea) trade routes related to the Silk Road, where spices were primarily traded

161
Q

Trans-Saharan Trade Route Definition

A

the trade routes of northern Africa that were known for trading gold, salt, and other goods

162
Q

Pax Romana Definition

A

Latin for “Roman peace,” a period of stability for the Roman Empire lasting 200 years

163
Q

Arranged Marriage Definition

A

a marriage agreed upon by the families of the bride and groom, who usually have little to no say in this matter

164
Q

Aryans Definition

A

a group of Indo-European speaking people who invaded northern India during the second millennium BCE

165
Q

Brahmins Definition

A

priests and other religious officials who were part of the highest level in the caste system

166
Q

Casta Definition

A

the term used by the Portuguese to separate classes by races or ancestry

167
Q

Dalit Definition

A

The modern term given to those who were considered to be “untouchable” or “unseeable” in the caste system

168
Q

Dowry Definition

A

Property or money brought by a bride to her new husband

169
Q

Dravidian Definition

A

Describing the common language spoken by people native to India

170
Q

Jati Definition

A

a subcaste that identified with a specific trade or specific region in India

171
Q

Kshatriyas Definition

A

warriors and other powerful leaders who made up the second-highest varna in the caste system

172
Q

Mánusmriti (Code of Mánu) Definition

A

a legal code written during the late Vedic Period that stated the rules for proper behavior and conduct

173
Q

Purdah Definition

A

The practice of female seclusion and veiling in some Hindu and Muslim societies

174
Q

Pyre Definition

A

wood and other combustible materials used to burn a corpse during a funeral service

175
Q

Rajah Definition

A

The warrior chief of an Aryan political division

176
Q

Rig Veda Definition

A

The oldest of the written Vedas

177
Q

Sati Definition

A

The practice in which a widow was cremated alive on her husband’s funeral pyre

178
Q

Shudras (Sudras) Definition

A

servants and conquered people who performed unskilled labor and occupied the lowest varna in the Indian caste system

179
Q

Subcaste Definition

A

A division within a larger caste

180
Q

Vaishyas Definition

A

commoners who performed basic services such as farming, herding, and trading and were part of the third varna in the caste system

181
Q

Varnas Definition

A

the four classes based on a person’s ability or interest that were part of the Indian caste system

182
Q

The Vedic Period Definition

A

the time period in early India from 1500 to 500 BCE

183
Q

The Analects Definition

A

A written collection of Confucius’ sayings

184
Q

Chattel Definition

A

A personal possession

185
Q

Civil Servant Definition

A

A career worker within the various departments and divisions of government

186
Q

Dowager Definition

A

The widow of the previous emperor in ancient Chinese dynasties

187
Q

Fiefdom Definition

A

the land granted by a powerful noble or member of the ruling class to a lower member of the nobility in exchange for service and loyalty

188
Q

Gentry Definition

A

People of high social ranking

189
Q

Gong Definition

A

an ancient Chinese social class made up of artisans and craftspeople

190
Q

Hemp Definition

A

Fiber cultivated from cannabis plants

191
Q

Jade Definition

A

A hard green stone used for ornaments or jewelry

192
Q

Jian Definition

A

a double-edged sword carried by military members belonging to the Chinese noble class

193
Q

Nong Definition

A

Ancient Chinese social class made up of peasant farmers

194
Q

Peasant Definition

A

a farmer of low social rank who raised crops on land rented from a wealthy landowner

195
Q

Serf Definition

A

a peasant farmer bound to a noble’s land for life

196
Q

Sericulture Definition

A

The farming and production of silk

197
Q

Shang Definition

A

merchants and traders who made up the lowest social class level in ancient China

198
Q

Shang Dynasty Definition

A

the first-known historical dynasty that ruled China from 1766 to 1122 BCE

199
Q

Shi Definition

A

an upper class of warriors, nobles, and scholars that made up the gentry of ancient Chinese society

200
Q

Stratified Definition

A

Describing a society divided into different levels based on rank, wealth, and power

201
Q

Well-field System Definition

A

the process where plots of land farmed by Chinese serfs were clustered around a spring or well for easy access to fresh water

202
Q

Zhou Dynasty Definition

A

Hereditary dynasty that ruled China from 1122 to 256 BCE

203
Q

Analects for Women Definition

A

a collection of behavior codes for women written by sisters Song Ruohua and Song Ruozhao

204
Q

Dao Definition

A

a code of behavior stressing harmony with the natural world

205
Q

Four Virtues Definition

A

a Confucian philosophy that regulated women’s behavior in terms of etiquette, appearance, speech, and work

206
Q

Hang Dynasty Definition

A

the imperial Chinese dynasty established by Liu Bang that lasted from 202 BCE to 220 CE

207
Q

Paleographer Definition

A

a person who studies ancient and medieval handwriting and texts

208
Q

Qin Dynasty Definition

A

the imperial Chinese dynasty that lasted from 221 to 206 BCE under the rule of Emperor Shi Huangdi

209
Q

Sui Dynasty Definition

A

the short-lived dynasty in the sixth century CE that adopted Buddhism as China’s state religion

210
Q

Tang Dynasty Definition

A

the Chinese dynasty that ruled from the seventh to tenth centuries CE

211
Q

The Way of Virtue (Tao Te Ching) Definition

A

a book of Daoist ideas written by Laozi

212
Q

Three Obediences Definition

A

the Confucian philosophy that regulated relationships for women throughout their lifetimes

213
Q

Concubine Definition

A

a woman who is in an interpersonal, sexual relationship with a married man of a higher social rank

214
Q

“Double Tax” System Definition

A

a tax reform issued during the Tang dynasty in which farmers paid taxes on their land twice a year rather than being assessed by the number of people in a household

215
Q

Dynastic Cycle Definition

A

a four-phase cycle that traced the rise and fall of Chinese dynasties according to the Mandate of Heaven

216
Q

Imperial Definition

A

Relating to an empire

217
Q

Memorial Definition

A

a statement of facts addressed to a government or a person controlling a government

218
Q

Oracle Bones Definition

A

charred animal bones or tortoise shells that Chinese spiritual leaders inscribed with symbols to communicate with the gods and predict the future

219
Q

Patrilineal Definition

A

tracing descent through the father’s side of the family

Honors World History A (15 decks)

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