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Anatomy and Physiology > UNIT 2 - DNA replication > Flashcards

UNIT 2 - DNA replication Flashcards

1
Q

who discovered DNA

A

James Watson and Francis Crick

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2
Q

what is Chargaff’s rule

A

states that DNA from any cell should have a 1:1 ratio of purine bases and pyrimidine

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3
Q

how do the strands run in DNA?

A

antiparallel 5’-3’

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4
Q

what are the “rungs” of the ladder paired with in DNA?

A

nitrogen bases

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5
Q

how many base pair rungs make one full twist of the helix in DNA?

A

10 base pair rungs

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6
Q

what is a gene?

A

a specific section of chromosomes that codes for a protein

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7
Q

what is the process where DNA makes identical copies of itself called?

A

semi-conservative

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8
Q

what must happen within DNA before a cell can divide?

A

DNA must replicate before

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9
Q

what is interphase?

A

when cells prepare for division through growth and duplication of cell contents

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10
Q

what is mitosis?

A

nuclear division: duplicated chromosomes are separated and move to opposite poles of the cell

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11
Q

what is cytokinesis?

A

cell division: cell contents divide and two new daughter cells are produced

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12
Q

what is step 1 of DNA replication?

A

unzipping:
- DNA double helix unwinds
- Helicase enzyme breaks hydrogen bonds holding the nitrogenous bases
- strands separate at the replication fork

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13
Q

what is step 2 of DNA replication?

A

complementary base pairing:
- free nucleotides (from nucleoplasm) move to pair up with exposed bases of each template strand
- hydrogen bonds form between A&T and C&G

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14
Q

what is step 3 of DNA replication?

A

join adjacent nucleotides:
- sugar phosphate backbone forms when DNA polymerase forms covalent bonds between newly attached nucleotides
- result in 2 identical DNA strands

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15
Q

what is step 4 of DNA replication?

A

proof reading:
- DNA polymerase checks for mistakes in copying

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16
Q

what direction does replication of DNA occur?

A

replication only occurs in one direction: from 5’ to 3’

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17
Q

what enzymes are needed to form both strands in DNA replication

A

RNA primase, Ligase, DNA polymerase

18
Q

where does protein synthesis occur?

A

on the ribosomes in the cytoplasm

19
Q

what molecule cannot leave the nucleus

A

DNA

20
Q

what is the role of proteins in DNA?

A

forms structure, drives the processes necessary for life’s functions

21
Q

what are DNA and RNA’s similarities

A
  • both has 4 nitrogenous bases
  • both have nucleotide monomers
  • both have sugar and phosphate backbone
  • Both have A,C,G bases
22
Q

what are the differences between DNA and RNA?

A

DNA:
-double stranded
- can replicate itself
- cannot leave the nucleus
-contains thymine

RNA:
- single stranded
- contains uracil
- 3 different kinds
- read by ribosomes

23
Q

what are the 2 stages of protein synthesis?

A

transcription and translation

24
Q

what is protein synthesis?

A

the process of creating protein molecules

25
Q

what is transcription?

A

the process of DNA sequence copied into mRNA

26
Q

where does transcription occur?

A

the nucleus

27
Q

where does translation occur?

A

the ribosomes

28
Q

what is translation?

A

the process of mRNA travelling to the ribosomes to link amino acids together with peptide bonds

29
Q

what is step 1 of transcription?

A

helicase enzyme unzips the DNA strand
- starts at initiation region and continues until termination region

30
Q

what is step 2 of transcription?

A

complementary RNA nucleotides combine to form mRNA strand
- joined and re-zipped by RNA polymerase

31
Q

what is step 3 of transcription?

A

mRNA strand detaches and leaves nucleus through nuclear pores

32
Q

what are codons?

A

3 letter segments in mRNA

33
Q

what are ribosomes made of?

A

rRNA and protein

34
Q

where is ribosomal RNA produced?

A

nucleolus

35
Q

what is tRNA’s position in the cell?

A

floats freely in the cytoplasm

36
Q

what is tRNA’s function?

A

carries amino acid to ribosomes for assembly

37
Q

which molecule contains anticodon?

A

tRNA contains anticodon complementary to mRNA

38
Q

what is step 1 of translation?

A

Initiation:
-ribosomal subunits join around mRNA
- start codon begins the process

39
Q

what is step 2 of translation?

A

Elongation:
- tRNA anticodon and amino acid match up with the mRNA codon
- tRNA leaves to collect new amino acids
- ribosome moves along to read the next mRNA codon
- Peptide bonds form between amino acids

40
Q

what is step 3 of translation?

A

Termination:
- when ribosome reaches stop codon in the mRNA translation stops
- ribosome subunits split again and mRNA detaches

41
Q

what is polyribosomes?

A

(many ribosomes): often several ribosomes work together on one large protein

42
Q

what happens to protein after its produced?

A

it gets sorted, repackaged, and transported through the endomembrane system

Anatomy and Physiology (8 decks)

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