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Anatomy and Physiology > UNIT 1 - carbs and organic molecules > Flashcards

UNIT 1 - carbs and organic molecules Flashcards

1
Q

what are polymers?

A

are composed of chains of repeating units

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2
Q

what are monomers?

A

repeating units in polymers

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3
Q

what are large polymers called?

A

macromolecules

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4
Q

what is the process of forming polymers called?

A

polymerization

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5
Q

how does dehydration synthesis form?

A

form by covalently bonding monomers by removing water

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6
Q

what is hydrolysis?

A

polymers may be broken apart by the addition of water

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7
Q

what are organic molecules?

A

all living things are primarily made of chemical compounds made of carbon

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8
Q

what are carbohydrates?

A

hydrated carbons

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9
Q

what are simple sugars?

A

are complex chains such as starch and cellulose

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10
Q

carbohydrates functions?

A

provide energy to cells, short term energy storage in animals, long term storage of energy in plants

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11
Q

what is a single sugar monomer called?

A

monosaccharide

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12
Q

what are two sugar monomers called?

A

disaccharide

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13
Q

what is a long chain of sugars called?

A

polysaccharide

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14
Q

starch function in plants?

A

stores glucose in plants

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15
Q

what is starch structures?

A

long glucose chains with a few or no side chains

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16
Q

what happens to starch when digested by animals?

A

starch is easily broken down into simple sugars by digestive enzymes in animals

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17
Q

what is the structure of glycogen?

A

long chains of glucose with many branching side chains

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18
Q

where is glycogen stored

A

muscles and the liver

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19
Q

what is the purpose of glycogen?

A

short term energy storage in animals

20
Q

what is the purpose of cellulose?

A

used for structural support in plant cell walls

21
Q

what polysaccharide can mammals not break down?

A

cellulose

22
Q

what is the structure of cellulose?

A

long chains of glucose with no side chains

23
Q

how are fatty acids bound to glycerol?

A

by dehydration synthesis

24
Q

what are lipids?

A

large non-polar molecules that can’t be dissolved in water

25
Q

what is the purpose of lipids?

A

used for long term energy storage (more efficient than carbs)

26
Q

what is the structure of fatty acids?

A

are hydrocarbon chains with a carboxylic acid end

27
Q

what is the structure of triglycerides?

A

3 fatty acids bound to glycerol

28
Q

what is the function of triglycerides fats?

A

insulation, cushions organs

29
Q

what is the function of triglycerides oils?

A

long term energy storage

30
Q

what are triglycerides oils?

A

plant based liquids ex: olive oil, corn oil

31
Q

what are triglycerides fats?

A

animal based soils ex: butter, lard

32
Q

what is the structure of phospholipids?

A

2 fatty acid chains attached to a polar phosphate “head”

33
Q

hydrophilic definition

A

attracts water

34
Q

hydrophobic

A

repels water

35
Q

what is the structure of steoriods?

A

4 fused carbon rings with function groups attached

36
Q

functions of steroids?

A

signalling hormones, and cell membrane fluidity

37
Q

what is emulsification?

A

mixes fats and oil with water

38
Q

what are amino acids?

A

protein polymer formed from amino acid monomers

39
Q

what is denaturation?

A

the process that disrupts the shape of proteins and causes a loss in function

40
Q

what causes denaturation?

A

caused by change in temp or pH, presence of heavy metals or other chemicals

41
Q

what is the structure of DNA

A

nucleotides bonded to form a double stranded helix

42
Q

what are purines

A

double ring structure

43
Q

what are pyrimidines

A

single ring structures

44
Q

what is the function of DNA

A

directs and controls cellular activities via protein synthesis

45
Q

what is the function of mRNA

A

messenger RNA copies DNA strand and carries the instructions for protein synthesis to ribosomes

46
Q

what is the function of rRNA

A

directs the steps for protein synthesis

47
Q

what is the function of tRNA?

A

the transfer of RNA carries amino acid to the ribosome to get assembled

Anatomy and Physiology (8 decks)

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