UNIT 1 - cells and organelles

Question 1

who was the first person to use the term “cell”?

Answer 1

robert hooke

Question 2

what are the three tenets of cell theory?

Answer 2

1. all living things are composed of one or more living cells
2. the cell is the basic unit of structure and organization in organisms
3. cells arise from pre-existing cells

Question 3

what are prokaryotic cells?

Answer 3

prokaryotic cells where the first cells, and still exist today, does not have a nucleus, still contains ribosomes, no membrane bound organelles

Question 4

what are eukaryotic cells?

Answer 4

eukaryotic cells evolved from prokaryotic cells, up to 1000 times larger than a prokaryotic cell, contains a nucleus and membrane bound organelles

Question 5

differences between eukaryotic cells, and prokaryotic cells?

Answer 5

PROKARYOTIC CELLS:
- has no nucleus
- is significantly smaller
- does not contain any membrane bound organelles

EUKARYOTIC CELLS:
- is up to 1000 times larger than prokaryotic cells
- contains a nucleus
- contains membrane bound organelles

Question 6

similarities between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells?

Answer 6

BOTH CONTAIN:
- ribosomes
- a plasma membrane
- a cytoplasm

Question 7

what is the endosymbiotic cell theory?

Answer 7

states that some of the organelles in eukaryotic cells were once prokaryotic microbes

Question 8

what is transcription?

Answer 8

the reading of genetic code

Question 9

what are the nucleus’ functions?

Answer 9

transcription, and the duplication of genetic material prior to cell division

Question 10

what is the nucleolus?

Answer 10

the area where RNA is produced, and where the ribosomes are made

Question 11

what are chromosomes?

Answer 11

chromosomes are condensed DNA and proteins coiled into dense structures

Question 12

what is the nucleoplasm?

Answer 12

the central area of the cell that contains the genetic material

Question 13

what is the central organelle?

Answer 13

the nucleus

Question 14

what are ribosomes?

Answer 14

small, dense structures composed of rRNA and proteins

Question 15

what are bound ribosomes?

Answer 15

bound ribosomes produces protein for export out of the cell

Question 16

what are free ribosomes?

Answer 16

free ribosomes produces proteins used inside the cell

Question 17

what is the Endomembrane system?

Answer 17

the Endomembrane system contains structures that work together to synthesize, store, package, and transport materials within the cell

Question 18

what is rough Endoplasmic Reticulum R.E.R?

Answer 18

a series of interconnected tubular canals connected to the nuclear membrane, the outer surface is covered in ribosomes for production of protein to be exported

Question 19

what is smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum S.E.R?

Answer 19

has NO ribosomes on the surface, contains enzymes to detoxify drugs and other poisons, associated w/ lipid and steroid production, exists in organs that produce steroids and hormones

Question 20

what are vacuoles?

Answer 20

vacuoles are membrane covered sacs filled w/ water or waste materials

Question 21

what is the vacuole’s functions in animal-like
organisms?

Answer 21

digestion and the elimination of excess water

Question 22

what is the vacuoles function in plants?

Answer 22

stores waste products, helps maintain cell rigidity, forces cytoplasm against cell membrane for better gas exchange

Question 23

what are vesicles?

Answer 23

vesicles are smaller membrane covered sacs that move materials around and between organelles.

Question 24

what is the Golgi body?

Answer 24

the Golgi body are elongated membranous sacs used as a temporary storage of materials made in other parts of the cell

Question 25

what does hydrolytic mean

Answer 25

to break something with water

Question 26

what are lysosomes?

Answer 26

vesicles containing hydrolytic enzymes

Question 27

what produces lysosomes?

Answer 27

the Golgi body

Question 28

what is the mitochondria?

Answer 28

a double membrane structure found in both animal and plant cells

Question 29

what is the mitochondria’s structure?

Answer 29

the mitochondria’s inner membrane is folded inwards to increase the surface area to maximize sites for chemical reactions

Question 30

what is the name of the fold in the inner membrane of the mitochondria?

Answer 30

cristae

Question 31

where are the enzymes located in the mitochondria?

Answer 31

enzymes are located on the cristae of the mitochondria to carry out cellular respiration

Question 32

what is cellular Respiration?

Answer 32

cellular respiration converts chemical energy found in food (sugars) into a form of energy that can be used by cells

Question 33

what cells are plastids found?

Answer 33

plastids are only found in plant cells

Question 34

what are chloroplasts?

Answer 34

chloroplasts are the most common type of plastid, that have a large surface area, containing a coin-like membrane

Question 35

what are chromoplasts?

Answer 35

chromoplasts are coloured plastids that store accessory pigments, and capture other wavelengths of light to maximize photosynthesis

Question 36

what are leucoplasts?

Answer 36

leucoplasts are another type of plastid, thats used as a long term storage of sugars (starch) for later use.

Question 37

what is the cytoskeleton?

Answer 37

the cytoskeleton is a network of fibres that organize structures and activities in the cell

Question 38

what are microfilaments?

Answer 38

are solid protein fibres that form a lattice throughout the cytoplasm

Question 39

what are intermediate filaments?

Answer 39

intermediate filaments are fibrous protein strands that holds the nucleus and other organelles in place

Question 40

what are microtubules?

Answer 40

are used to maintain cell shape

Question 41

what are cilia and flagella?

Answer 41

cilia and flagella are hairlike projections from cells

Question 42

what is the purpose of the cytoskeleton?

Answer 42

it is used to help maintain the cell’s shape and distributes cell contents during cell division