Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Honors Bio Fall Final > Unit 2 Concepts > Flashcards

Unit 2 Concepts Flashcards

You may prefer our related Brainscape-certified flashcards:
Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What are Macromolecules?

A

large organic molecules (meaning they contain carbon) used for various functions in living things

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Type of Macromolecules

A

Carbohydrates
Lipids
Proteins
Nucleic Acids

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Carbohydrates

A

Main Function = short-term ENERGY
Other uses = structure/support
Found in: sugar and starch (therefore breads, pastas, fruits and veggies)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Lipids

A

Main Function = Long-term Energy Storage
Other uses = cushioning organs, insulation, hormones, cell membranes
Found in: Fats, oils, phospholipids (in the cell membrane), steroids

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Protein

A

Most diverse macromolecule
Most abundant macromolecule (make up 50% of cell’s biomass)
They literally RUN your body!!

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Nucleic Acids

A

Main Function: store & transmit hereditary or genetic information

Ex. DNA, RNA

You get them from your PARENTS not your food!

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Four Main Types of Monomers

A

sugars, amino acids, fatty acids, and nucleotides

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Three part of a neucleotide

A

5-carbon sugar
Phosphate group
Nitrogenous base

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What is the main energy source for organisms?

A

Food

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Main function of a carbohydrate

A

Short Term Energy

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Main function of a protien

A

Long Term Energy

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Main function of a lipids

A

Long Term Energy Storage

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Main function of a neucleic acids

A

store & transmit hereditary or genetic information

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What are examples of lipid polymers?

A

fats, oils, phospholipids, steroid, hormones

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What does an enzyme do?

A

Controls rate of chemical reaction
Enzymes reduce energy needed (activation energy) to start a chemical reaction and increases reaction rate.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What category of macromolecules is an enzyme?

A

protien

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

How does an enzyme work?

A

They are catalysts, or substances that control how quickly chemical reactions occur.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Main purpose of photosynthesis

A

is converting radiant energy from the sun into chemical energy in the form of glucose.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What is energy transformation in photosynthesis?

A
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Where in cell does photosynthesis occur?

A

Chloroplast

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

What types of organisms perform photosynthesis

A

plant

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

What is chlorophyll

A

what makes the leaves green

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

What is the function of chlorophyll

A

function of chlorophyll is to capture the light energy of the sun and convert water and carbon dioxide to produce glucose and oxygen.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

What is light energy from the sun used for in photosythesis?

A

uses energy to convert water and carbon dioxide to glucose and oxygen

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

Name the Blank Labels

A

A - Light
B - H2O
C - C2O
D - O2
I - Glucose

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

What are the 2 stages of photosynthesis called?

A

Light Dependent and Light Independent

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

Where do the 2 stages of photosynthesis occur in the chloroplast?

A

Light Dependent occurs in the thylakoid membrane… Light Independent occurs stroma the region outside of the thylakoids

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

In photosythnesis what is the source of oxygen produced…

A

water

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

What is the major waste product given off from photosynthesis

A

oxygen

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

What is the source of the carbon that moves through the food chain?

A

carbon dioxide

31
Q

Where does a plant get most of its mass from

A

carbon dioxide

32
Q

How does temperature impact photosynthesis?

A

Very high or very low temps stop photosynthesis.

33
Q

How does carbon dioxide impact photosynthesis?

A

the more carbon dioxide the faster photosynthesis occurs

34
Q

How does light intensity impact photosynthesis?

A

Helps it go faster, but only to a certain extent

35
Q

For every glucose molecule produced, how many carbon dioxide molecules are used?

A

6

36
Q

For every glucose molecule produced, how many oxygen molecules are used?

A

6

37
Q

How is photosynthesis the opposite of respiration?

A

Photosynthesis converts carbon dioxide and water into oxygen and glucose. Glucose is used as food by the plant and oxygen is a by-product. Cellular respiration converts oxygen and glucose into water and carbon dioxide.

38
Q

What is the main purpose of respiration?

A

Release carbon dioxide into the atmosphere

39
Q

What is the energy transformation in respiration?

A

glucose and oxygen are converted into carbon dioxide and water, and the energy is transferred to ATP

40
Q

What is the main goal of cellular respiration?

A

Main goal: convert chemical energy in food (glucose) to chemical energy stored in ATP (adenosine triphosphate)
take place in the cells of organisms

41
Q

What is the energy transformation in cellular respiration?

A

the energy in food is converted into energy that can be used by the body’s cells

42
Q

Where in the cell does cellular respiration occur?

A

cytoplasm and mitochondria

43
Q

What type of organisms perform respiration?

A

all living cells

44
Q

What is ATP?

A

Adenosine Triphosphate

45
Q

What are the 3 parts of ATP?

A

Consists of:
Adenine, a nitrogen base
Ribose, a five-carbon sugar
A chain of three phosphate groups

46
Q

Explain the ATP and ADP cycle

A

ATP become ADP when a phosphate is RELEASED

ADP become ATP when phosphate is ADDED

47
Q

What four functions does the cell use ATP for?

A

ATP is used to power cell activity including:
Photosynthesis
Protein synthesis
Muscle contraction
Active transport across the cell membrane

48
Q

What are the two electron carriers produced in respiration?

A

NADH and FADH2

49
Q

What is the role of NADH and FADH2?

A

NAD+ and FAD are energy carriers that will deliver the high-energy electron of hydrogen to the electron transport chain (ETC).

50
Q

What are the three parts of cellular respiration?

A

Glycosis, Krebs Cycle and ETC

51
Q

Where in the mitochondria does cellular respiration occur?

A

Inner membranes

52
Q

Where does Glycolysis occur and is it aerobic or anaerobic?

A

Outside the mitochondria / anaerobic

53
Q

Where does Krebs Cycle occur and is it aerobic or anaerobic?

A

Mitochondira matrix / aerobic

54
Q

Where does ETC occur and is it aerobic or anaerobic?

A

Inner Membrane of Mitochondria / Aerobic

55
Q

What is the outcome of glycoysis?

A

Energy

56
Q

What is the outcome of Krebs Cycle?

A

Carbon Dioxide / Energy

57
Q

What is the outcome ETC?

A

Energy, Oxygen, Water

58
Q

How many ATPs are produced in glycolysis?

A

2

59
Q

How many ATPs are produced in Krebs Cycle?

A

2

60
Q

How many ATPs are produced in ETC?

A

34

61
Q

What is the final electron acceptor in aerobic respiration?

A

Oxygen

62
Q

What if formed at the end of ETC?

A

Water

63
Q

What is the alternative pathway available to some cells when oxygen is not available?

A

FERMENTATION - if oxygen is not present, some organisms can undergo fermentation to continually produce ATP

64
Q

What are 2 possible byproducts and in what types of cells do they occur?

A

lactic acid and alcoholic fermentation … occurs in cytoplasm

65
Q

What is lactic acid fermentation?

A

In animals, turns pyruvic acid into lactic acid and NAD+

66
Q

What is alcoholic fermentation?

A

in yeast and bacteria, turns pyruvic acid into ethanol, carbon dioxide, and NAD+

67
Q

What are the monomers make up a carbohydrate

A

monosaccaride

68
Q

What makes up cell membrane?

A

Lipid

69
Q

What monomers make up a lipid

A

glycerol and fatty acids

70
Q

What is the monomer of protein?

A

amino acid

71
Q

What is the monomer in a nucleic acid?

A

nucleotides

72
Q

What are the major elements (from the period chart) of the biomolecules?

What are Carbs, Lipids, Protein and Nucleic Acid made of?

A

Carbohydrate: C, H, O
Lipid: C, H, O
Protein: C, H, O, N
Nucleic Acid: C, H, O, N, P (Phospherous)

73
Q

What are three parts of a nucleotide:

A

Phosphate, Nitrogeneous Base, Sugar

74
Q

Function and Examples of Macromolecules - Image

A

See Image

Honors Bio Fall Final (7 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions