Unit 2 Concepts Flashcards
What are Macromolecules?
large organic molecules (meaning they contain carbon) used for various functions in living things
Type of Macromolecules
Carbohydrates
Lipids
Proteins
Nucleic Acids
Carbohydrates
Main Function = short-term ENERGY
Other uses = structure/support
Found in: sugar and starch (therefore breads, pastas, fruits and veggies)
Lipids
Main Function = Long-term Energy Storage
Other uses = cushioning organs, insulation, hormones, cell membranes
Found in: Fats, oils, phospholipids (in the cell membrane), steroids
Protein
Most diverse macromolecule
Most abundant macromolecule (make up 50% of cell’s biomass)
They literally RUN your body!!
Nucleic Acids
Main Function: store & transmit hereditary or genetic information
Ex. DNA, RNA
You get them from your PARENTS not your food!
Four Main Types of Monomers
sugars, amino acids, fatty acids, and nucleotides
Three part of a neucleotide
5-carbon sugar
Phosphate group
Nitrogenous base
What is the main energy source for organisms?
Food
Main function of a carbohydrate
Short Term Energy
Main function of a protien
Long Term Energy
Main function of a lipids
Long Term Energy Storage
Main function of a neucleic acids
store & transmit hereditary or genetic information
What are examples of lipid polymers?
fats, oils, phospholipids, steroid, hormones
What does an enzyme do?
Controls rate of chemical reaction
Enzymes reduce energy needed (activation energy) to start a chemical reaction and increases reaction rate.
What category of macromolecules is an enzyme?
protien
How does an enzyme work?
They are catalysts, or substances that control how quickly chemical reactions occur.
Main purpose of photosynthesis
is converting radiant energy from the sun into chemical energy in the form of glucose.
What is energy transformation in photosynthesis?
Where in cell does photosynthesis occur?
Chloroplast
What types of organisms perform photosynthesis
plant
What is chlorophyll
what makes the leaves green
What is the function of chlorophyll
function of chlorophyll is to capture the light energy of the sun and convert water and carbon dioxide to produce glucose and oxygen.
What is light energy from the sun used for in photosythesis?
uses energy to convert water and carbon dioxide to glucose and oxygen
Name the Blank Labels
A - Light
B - H2O
C - C2O
D - O2
I - Glucose
What are the 2 stages of photosynthesis called?
Light Dependent and Light Independent
Where do the 2 stages of photosynthesis occur in the chloroplast?
Light Dependent occurs in the thylakoid membrane… Light Independent occurs stroma the region outside of the thylakoids
In photosythnesis what is the source of oxygen produced…
water
What is the major waste product given off from photosynthesis
oxygen
What is the source of the carbon that moves through the food chain?
carbon dioxide
Where does a plant get most of its mass from
carbon dioxide
How does temperature impact photosynthesis?
Very high or very low temps stop photosynthesis.
How does carbon dioxide impact photosynthesis?
the more carbon dioxide the faster photosynthesis occurs
How does light intensity impact photosynthesis?
Helps it go faster, but only to a certain extent
For every glucose molecule produced, how many carbon dioxide molecules are used?
6
For every glucose molecule produced, how many oxygen molecules are used?
6
How is photosynthesis the opposite of respiration?
Photosynthesis converts carbon dioxide and water into oxygen and glucose. Glucose is used as food by the plant and oxygen is a by-product. Cellular respiration converts oxygen and glucose into water and carbon dioxide.
What is the main purpose of respiration?
Release carbon dioxide into the atmosphere
What is the energy transformation in respiration?
glucose and oxygen are converted into carbon dioxide and water, and the energy is transferred to ATP
What is the main goal of cellular respiration?
Main goal: convert chemical energy in food (glucose) to chemical energy stored in ATP (adenosine triphosphate)
take place in the cells of organisms
What is the energy transformation in cellular respiration?
the energy in food is converted into energy that can be used by the body’s cells
Where in the cell does cellular respiration occur?
cytoplasm and mitochondria
What type of organisms perform respiration?
all living cells
What is ATP?
Adenosine Triphosphate
What are the 3 parts of ATP?
Consists of:
Adenine, a nitrogen base
Ribose, a five-carbon sugar
A chain of three phosphate groups
Explain the ATP and ADP cycle
ATP become ADP when a phosphate is RELEASED
ADP become ATP when phosphate is ADDED
What four functions does the cell use ATP for?
ATP is used to power cell activity including:
Photosynthesis
Protein synthesis
Muscle contraction
Active transport across the cell membrane
What are the two electron carriers produced in respiration?
NADH and FADH2
What is the role of NADH and FADH2?
NAD+ and FAD are energy carriers that will deliver the high-energy electron of hydrogen to the electron transport chain (ETC).
What are the three parts of cellular respiration?
Glycosis, Krebs Cycle and ETC
Where in the mitochondria does cellular respiration occur?
Inner membranes
Where does Glycolysis occur and is it aerobic or anaerobic?
Outside the mitochondria / anaerobic
Where does Krebs Cycle occur and is it aerobic or anaerobic?
Mitochondira matrix / aerobic
Where does ETC occur and is it aerobic or anaerobic?
Inner Membrane of Mitochondria / Aerobic
What is the outcome of glycoysis?
Energy
What is the outcome of Krebs Cycle?
Carbon Dioxide / Energy
What is the outcome ETC?
Energy, Oxygen, Water
How many ATPs are produced in glycolysis?
2
How many ATPs are produced in Krebs Cycle?
2
How many ATPs are produced in ETC?
34
What is the final electron acceptor in aerobic respiration?
Oxygen
What if formed at the end of ETC?
Water
What is the alternative pathway available to some cells when oxygen is not available?
FERMENTATION - if oxygen is not present, some organisms can undergo fermentation to continually produce ATP
What are 2 possible byproducts and in what types of cells do they occur?
lactic acid and alcoholic fermentation … occurs in cytoplasm
What is lactic acid fermentation?
In animals, turns pyruvic acid into lactic acid and NAD+
What is alcoholic fermentation?
in yeast and bacteria, turns pyruvic acid into ethanol, carbon dioxide, and NAD+
What are the monomers make up a carbohydrate
monosaccaride
What makes up cell membrane?
Lipid
What monomers make up a lipid
glycerol and fatty acids
What is the monomer of protein?
amino acid
What is the monomer in a nucleic acid?
nucleotides
What are the major elements (from the period chart) of the biomolecules?
What are Carbs, Lipids, Protein and Nucleic Acid made of?
Carbohydrate: C, H, O
Lipid: C, H, O
Protein: C, H, O, N
Nucleic Acid: C, H, O, N, P (Phospherous)
What are three parts of a nucleotide:
Phosphate, Nitrogeneous Base, Sugar
Function and Examples of Macromolecules - Image
See Image
