Unit 2: Cognition Flashcards
Apparent Movement
the visual illusion where a stationary object appears to be moving due to the rapid presentation of separate stimuli in slightly different positions
Attention
Attention is the cognitive process of selectively focusing on one aspect of your environment while ignoring other things
Binocular Depth Cues
depth cues that use both eyes to create a three-dimensional image of the world
Bottom Up- Processing
a psychological strategy that’s used to make sense of stimuli by allowing the stimulus to shape perception without preconceived ideas
Change Blindness
a visual perception phenomenon that occurs when a person doesn’t notice a change in their visual environment:
Closure
a Gestalt principle where the brain automatically fills in missing information to perceive an incomplete image as a whole
Cocktail Party Effect
the ability to focus on a single conversation or sound source in a noisy environment, like at a party, while filtering out other background sounds
Convergence
a binocular cue for depth perception, where the eyes turn inwards to focus on a nearby object
Figure And Ground
Figure-ground is one tool our brains use to form perception. This is the organization of the visual field by separating an object (figure) from its surroundings (ground)
Gestalt Pyschology
Gestalt Psychology is a school of psychology based upon the idea that we experience things as unified wholes.
Inattentional Blindness
refers to the phenomenon where someone fails to notice something obvious in their visual field because their attention is focused on something else
Interposition
a monocular cue that gives the impression that an object is further away when it is partially covered by another object
Linear Perspective
a monocular depth cue where parallel lines appear to converge as they recede into the distance, creating the illusion of depth on a flat surface, like a painting or photograph
Monocular Depth Cues
refer to visual cues that allow us to perceive depth using only one eye, including: relative size, texture gradient, linear perspective, interposition, aerial perspective, motion parallax, and light and shadow
Perceptual Set
a predisposition to perceive or notice some aspects of the available sensory data and ignore others
Proximity
Proximity refers to the principle that we group nearby figures together
Relative Clarity
Objects that appear sharp, clear, and detailed are seen as closer than more hazy objects
Relative SIze
the depth cue in which we perceive distance based on the comparison of sizes between objects
Retinal Disparity
the slight difference in the images received by each eye when viewing an object
Schema
mental frameworks that help people interpret new situations based on their past experiences
Selective Attention
the cognitive process where an individual focuses on a specific stimulus or piece of information while actively ignoring other irrelevant stimuli in the environment
Similarity
the Gestalt principle of similarity describes how people group objects that look similar together
Texture Gradient
The gradual change in the visual texture of an object or surface as it recedes in depth from the observer
Top-Down Processing
a cognitive process that uses existing knowledge and expectations to interpret new sensory information
Accomodation
a term developed by psychologist Jean Piaget to describe what occurs when new information or experiences cause you to modify your existing schemas
Algorithims
A step-by-step procedure or formula for solving a problem
Assimilation
the cognitive process where new information or experiences are incorporated into existing mental frameworks or schemas,
Availability Heuristic
Judging how likely a certain event is to happen based on how easily information regarding this topic is available
Convergent Thinking
Looks at obtaining one singular solution to a problem.
Creativity
Creativity is the ability to produce or develop original work, theories, techniques, or thoughts
Divergent Thinking
Executive Functions
Fr
Framing
Functional Fixedness
Gambler’s Fallacy
Heuristics
Mental Set
Priming
Prototypes
Representative Heuristic
Sunk-Cost Fallacy
Automatic PProcessing
Central Executive
Deep Encoding
Echoic Memory
Effortful Processing
Encoding
Episodic Memory
Explicit Memory
Iconic Memory
Implicit Memory
Levels Of Processing (Craik & Lockhart)
Long-term Memory
Long-Term Potentiation
Multi-store Model
Phonemic Processing
Phonological Loop
Primary Memory System
Prospective Memory
Procedural Memory
Retrieval
Semantic Processing
Semantic Memory
Sensory Memory
Shallow Encoding
Storage
Structural Processing
Visuospatial Sketchpad
Working Memory
Working Memory Model
Categorical Classification
Chunking
Distributed Practice
Encoding
HIerarchies
Massed Practice
Memory COnsolidation
Mathod of
