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AP Psych > Unit 1: Bio Vocab > Flashcards

Unit 1: Bio Vocab Flashcards

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1
Q

Adoption Studies

A

Studies conducted on an adoptive relatives and biological relatives to determine the influence of genetics versus the environment on behavior.

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2
Q

Environment

A

All external factors and influences leaving an impact on an individuals development and behavior.

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3
Q

Eugenics

A

The ideology/ practice of improving the human race by selectively breeding people for certain desirable traits.

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4
Q

Evolutionary Perspective

A

A psychological approach in hopes of explaining behavior in terms of how it may have been shaped by natural selection and gradual adaptation

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5
Q

Family Studies

A

A research method in which researchers examine the behaviors & traits of individuals w/in a family unit to understand possible genetic influence over specific traits and disorders.

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6
Q

Genetic Predisposition

A

An increased chance of developing a specific trait or disorder based on ones genetics.

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7
Q

Heredity

A

The passing on of genetic factors ( DNA) from parents to offspring

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8
Q

Nature v. Nurture Issue

A

The dilemma of whether people are born the way they are (through genetics) or if they are made into it through their environment.

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9
Q

Twin Studies

A

Studies where the influence of genetic factors is measured ( in regards of behavior) by comparing the behavior of monozygotic versus dizygotic twins

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10
Q

Natural Selection

A

Inherited traits that allow organisms to survive & reproduce in an environment are the traits most likely to be passed on for generations

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11
Q

Central Nervous System

A

The Brain & Spinal Cord

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12
Q

Peripheral Nervous System

A

Sensory & motor neurons connecting to the central nervous system

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13
Q

Autonomic Nervous System

A

Controls Involuntary Functions such as heartbeat, digestion, breathing

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14
Q

Sympathetic Nervous System

A

Controls the fight or flight response; automatically accelerates heart rate, and breathing, dilates pupils, slows digestion

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15
Q

Parasympathetic Nervous System

A

Controls Rest & Digestion; Automatically slows the body down after a stressful event.

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16
Q

Somatic Nervous System

A

Controls voluntary functions

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17
Q

Nervous System

A

The body’s electrochemical communication/messaging system. Consisting of both the peripheral and central nervous systems

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18
Q

Action Potential

A

When a neuron is active/firing & ions are exchanged -> they become scrambled or depolarized

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19
Q

All-or-nothing Principle

A

Neurons are binary: They are either off or on, and to become on they need a certain amount of stimuli

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20
Q

Axon

A

Tail of the Neuron; Carries signals from one end to the other (from soma to the terminal)

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21
Q

Dendrites

A

The Hair of the Neuron; Hair like extensions that receive signals from other neurons

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22
Q

Depolarization

A
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23
Q

Glial Cells

A

Support cells for nerve system-> they provide extra protection & nourishment to neurons (worker b ees to the queen)

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24
Q

Interneurons

A

Intermediary neurons that connect sensory and motor neurons.

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25
Q

Motor Neurons

A

Neurons that carry signals away from the CNS to the muscles in order to allow for motion. ( Signals produced in CNS and transported to body by motor neurons)

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26
Q

Multiple Sclerosis

A

A chronic auto immune disease where the body attack the myelin sheath in nerves in the CNS leading to numbness, weakness, and vision issues

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27
Q

Myasthenia Gravis

A

A chronic auto immune disease caused by antibodies attacking ACl ( acetylcholine) receptors in the neurotransmitter junction leading to muscle weakness & fatigue in the eyes, face, and throat.

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28
Q

Myelin Sheath

A

The fatty insular layer around the axon ( tail) of the neuron-> allows for rapid transmission of electrical impulses/ messages

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29
Q

Nerves

A

A cluster of nerve cells / a cluster of neurons)

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30
Q

Neural Transmission

A

The process where neurons communicate w/ one another by sending neurotransmitters (chemicals) across the synapse.

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31
Q

Neuron

A

A nerve cell that transmits sent throughout the body.

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32
Q

Reflex

A

Involuntary & automatic response to stimulus w/o conscious thought typically to protect the body or maintain balance

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33
Q

Reflex Arc

A

The neural pathway controlling reflex actions like flinching

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34
Q

Refractory Period

A

The short time period immediately after the neuron fires where the neuron cannot fire again

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35
Q

Resting Potential

A

The stable electrical charge across a neuron’s membrane when it isn’t actively sending signals.

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36
Q

Reuptake

A

The process when a neuron retrieves the leftover neurotransmitters that were released into the synapse after a transmission.

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37
Q

Reuptake Inhibitors

A

A drug type that prevent the reabsorption of neurotransmitters back into the neuron.

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38
Q

Sensory Neurons

A

Neurons transmitting sensory information from the environment (sight, sound, taste, smell) to the CNS

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39
Q

Synapse

A

The tiny gap between two neurons

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40
Q

Soma

A

The head of the neuron

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41
Q

Threshold

A

Minimum level of stimulation to trigger sensory responses

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42
Q

Acetylcholine (ACh)

A

A neurotransmitter involved in learning, memory, and muscle contraction

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43
Q

Adrenaline

A

A hormone that activates the sympathetic nervous system. This triggers our “fight or flight” response, which increases heart rate, dilates the pupil, increases blood flow to skeletal muscle, and reduces digestive and reproductive activity.

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44
Q

Dopamine

A

A neurotransmitter involved in mood, movement, attention, and learning.

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45
Q

Endocrine System

A

The network of glands throughout the body that produce and secrete hormones

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46
Q

Endorphins

A
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47
Q

GABA

A
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48
Q

Ghrelin

A
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49
Q

Glutamate

A
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50
Q

Hormone

A
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51
Q

Leptin

A
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52
Q

Melatonin

A
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53
Q

Norepinephrine

A
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54
Q

Neurotransmitter

A
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55
Q

Oxytocin

A
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56
Q

Serotonin

A
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57
Q

Substance P

A
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58
Q

Addiction

A
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59
Q

Agonists

A
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60
Q

Alcohol

A
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61
Q

Antagonists

A
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62
Q

Caffeine

A
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63
Q

Cocaine

A
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64
Q

Depressants

A
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65
Q

Hallucinogens

A
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66
Q

Heroin

A
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67
Q

Marijuana

A
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68
Q

Opioids

A
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69
Q

Psychoactive Drugs

A
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70
Q

Stimulants

A
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71
Q

Tolerance

A
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72
Q

Withdrawal

A
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73
Q

Brain Stem

A
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74
Q

Cerebellum

A
75
Q

Medulla Oblongata

A
76
Q

Pons

A

A part of the brain stem located between the midbrain and medulla oblongata. CONTROLS ; sleep breathing, taste, facial sensations, and coordinates movement w/ cerebellum

77
Q

Reticular Formation

A
78
Q

Amygdala

A
79
Q

Hippocampus

A
80
Q

LImbic System

A
81
Q

Pituitary Gland

A
82
Q

Reward Center

A
83
Q

Thalamus

A
84
Q

Association Areas

A
85
Q

Broca’s Area

A

Area in brain responsible for speech production ( muscles)

86
Q

Cerebral Cortex

A
87
Q

Cerebrum

A
88
Q

Executive Functioning

A
89
Q

Frontal Lobes

A
90
Q

Motor Cortex

A
91
Q

Occipital Lobes

A
92
Q

Parietal Lobes

A
93
Q

Prefrontal Cortex

A
94
Q

Somatosensory Cortex

A
95
Q

Temporal Lobes

A
96
Q

Wernicke’s Area

A
97
Q

Aphasia

A
98
Q

Aphasia- Broca’s

A
99
Q

Aphasia- Wernicke’s

A
100
Q

Contralateral Control

A
101
Q

Corpus Callosum

A
102
Q

EEG

A
103
Q

fMRI

A
104
Q

Hemispheric Specialization

A
105
Q

Lesion

A
106
Q

MRI

A
107
Q

Plasticity

A
108
Q

Split Brain Research

A
109
Q

Activation-Synthesis

A
110
Q

Circadian Rhythm

A
111
Q

Consciousness

A
112
Q

Consolidation Theory

A
113
Q

Dream

A
114
Q

Hypnagogic Sensations

A
115
Q

Insomnia

A
116
Q

Jet Lag

A
117
Q

Narcolepsy

A
118
Q

NREM

A
119
Q

NREM Stages 1-4

A
120
Q

REM behavior disorder

A
121
Q

REM Rebound

A
122
Q

REM SLeep

A
123
Q

Shift Work

A
124
Q

Sleep

A
125
Q

Sleep Apnea

A
126
Q

Sleep Hygiene

A
127
Q

Sleep Spindles

A
128
Q

Somnambulism

A
129
Q

Absolute Threshold

A
130
Q

Amplutide

A
131
Q

Difference Threshold

A
132
Q

Intensity

A
133
Q

Just-Noticeable Difference

A
134
Q

Sensation

A
135
Q

Sensory Adaptation

A
136
Q

Sensory Interaction

A
137
Q

Synesthesia

A
138
Q

Transduction

A
139
Q

Wavelegnth

A
140
Q

Weber’s Law

A
141
Q

Ganglion Cells

A
142
Q

Lens

A
143
Q

Monochromatism

A
144
Q

Nearsightedness

A
145
Q

Opponent-Process Theory

A
146
Q

Optic Nerve

A
147
Q

Photoreceptors

A
148
Q

Prosopagnosia

A
149
Q

Retina

A

Ro

150
Q

Rods

A
151
Q

Trichromatic Theory

A
152
Q

Pitch

A
153
Q

Place Theory

A
154
Q

Semicircular Canals

A
155
Q

Sensorineural Deafness

A
156
Q

Sound Localization

A
157
Q

Accommodation

A
158
Q

Afterimages

A
159
Q

Blind Spot

A
160
Q

Blindsight

A
161
Q

Cones

A
162
Q

Dichromatism

A
163
Q

Farsightedness

A
164
Q

Audition

A
165
Q

Basilar Membrane

A
166
Q

Cochlea

A
167
Q

Conduction Deafness

A
168
Q

Frequency

A
169
Q

Frequency Theory

A
170
Q

Middle Ear

A
171
Q

Inner Ear

A

The innermost part of the ear responsible for hearing and balance maintenance through conversion of sound vibrations into neural signals. Contains the cochlea & semicircular canals.

172
Q

Gate Control Theory

A

The theory explaining pain perception through suggesting a “gate” in the spinal cord controls whether or not pain signals reach the brain, dictates that non-painful stimuli is able to close the gate while reducing painful sensations

173
Q

Gustation

A

The sense responsible for taste allowing flavors to be perceived through taste buds on the tongue (including umami-> savory)

174
Q

Kinesthesis

A

The sense that provides information about the position and movement of the limbs allowing for coordinating motions & movement

175
Q

Oleogustus

A
176
Q

Olfactory System

A

Sensory system responsible for the sense of smell. Includes the olfactory receptors in the nose, the olfactory bulb in the brain and the neural pathways in charge of processing smell

177
Q

Phantom Limb

A

The phenomenon of amputees feeling pain or sensation in a limb that is no longer present

178
Q

Pheromones

A

Chemicals secreted by organisms triggering specific social responses in other members of the same species

179
Q

Supertasters

A

Individuals with heightened senses of taste typically in regards to bitter flavors this caused by having a largely greater quantity of taste buds giving flavors higher intensity

180
Q

Taste Receptors

A

Specialized sensory cells located w/in taste buds allowing the tongue to detect & transmit sensory information about various tastes ( sweet, bitter, spice, salt, & umami)

181
Q

Vestibular Sense

A

The sensory system allowing us to have a sense of balance and spatial orientation.

182
Q

Volley Theory

A

The principle stating that neurons in the auditory system fire in rapid succession ( making a volley of signals) this allows the brain to perceive higher frequency sounds that register too fast for singular neurons

183
Q

Warm & Cold Receptors ( Temperature Sense)

A

AKA; Thermoreceptors-> Nerve cells w/in the skin that detect changes in temperature allowing ppl to feel the difference between warm & cold

AP Psych (2 decks)

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