Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

AP Psych > Unit 0: Science Practices Vocab > Flashcards

Unit 0: Science Practices Vocab Flashcards

You may prefer our related Brainscape-certified flashcards:
Psychology 101 flashcards GRE® Psychology flashcards AP® Psychology flashcards
1
Q

Confirmation Bias

A

Individuals will tend to search for or support information that aligns w/ their personal beliefs and ignore information that may refute / disagree w/ these beliefs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Cultural Norms

A

The universal expectations/rules w/in a culture ( does include ‘American culture/society’) that influences behavior w/in a society

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Experimenter Bias

A

The scenario when an experimenter impacts the results of their own study due to their own expectations

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Hindsight Bias

A

Believing that something was known all along after the outcome occurred or was revealed

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Overconfidence

A

The tendency to lean towards confidence rather than accuracy and therefore overestimate the truth behind personal beliefs & judgements

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Peer Review

A

An evaluation process to ensure accuracy and quality where scholars/ researchers mutually assess work before it is published

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Case Study

A

An in-depth study/investigation of a singular person that relies on observation & facts.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Confidentiality

A

Experimenters will not release any personal information about the subjects without their given consent

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Confounding Variables

A

Factors outside the independent variable that may influence results/the dependent variable

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Control Group

A

A number of participants w/in an experiment don’t receive experimental treatment.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Debriefing

A

When an experimenter fully informs the subject of the study’s purpose and procedure after the study had been completed.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Deception Research

A

Intentional misleading or under informing participants

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Dependent Variables

A

The variables within an experiment that change in response to the alterations in the independent varaible

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Double- Blind Study

A

Both Experimenter and the subject are ignorant to the details of the study

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Experiment

A

An investigation done using various variables to test a theory / hypothesis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Experimental Group

A

The group receiving the variable being tested

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Falsifiability

A

The ability for a hypothesis to be disproven.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Generalizability

A

The measure of how applicable a study is to a population of interest. Tells you how useful a study is.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Hypothesis

A

A testable prediction regarding the relationship between two or more variables

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Independent Variables

A

Variables that are changed w/in an experiment, their effect is studied

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Informed Assent

A

Obtaining agreement to participate in a study from an individual incapable of legally giving full informed consent (like a mentally impaired individual or a minor).

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Informed Consent

A

A participant saying yes to a study with full knowledge of possible side effects

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Institutional Review Board

A

A committee that reviews & approves behavioral/ biomedical research conducted on humans. Ensure ethical treatment & protection of subjects.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Likert Scales

A

The 5 point scale ranging from typically strongly agree to strongly disagree. Measure attitudes, opinions, and behaviors.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

Naturalistic Observation

A

Observing a subject’s behavior’s w/in a scenario w/o interfering with them to obtain objective results

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

Operational Definitions

A

A statement/ term used to define research variables ( may include the procedure of a study

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

Placebo

A

A false treatment meant to determine if the actual treatment truly works or if the expectations are impacting the results. ( typically a s sugar pill)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

Placebo Effect

A

The occurrence of people experiencing the effects of a treatment without truly recieving the treatment.

29
Q

Professional Ethics

A

The set of moral principles applied to standard research, practice, and teaching conducted by pyschologists. Ensures resonable behavior and ethics when working with subjects and clients.

30
Q

Qualitative Research/ Measures

A

Studies done while measuring behaivior without numbers and instead qualities. ( Ex; dialogue, body language, etc.)

31
Q

Random Assignment

A

The randomization of placing subjects in an experimetnal group or a control (placebo group).

32
Q

Replication

A

The process of repeating a study/ experiment to find if original results from an initial study repeatable and therefore reliable.

33
Q

Single- Blind Study

A

A study where only participants are ignorant to the details of a study/ experiment

34
Q

Social Desirability Bias

A

Bias occuring w/in a sudy when subject respond to survey’s according to societal/ experimenter expectations rather than being truthful.

35
Q

Structured Interviews

A

A research method where each particpant is asked the same questions in the same order. -> ensures consistency & reliable comparisons.

36
Q

Survey

A

Research method where participants answer a set of questions to provide data regarding attitude, behaviors, and opinions.

37
Q

Theory

A

A well sustained explanation of an aspect of the natural world or of humanity. Uses principles to organize/predict an event.

38
Q

Validity

A

Determines how well a test measures what it was designed to measure

39
Q

Bimodal Distribution

A

A data set with two distict modes ( reoccurring values of the highest quantitity)

40
Q

Central Tendency

A

A statistical measure indicating a middle point in a data set. Mean, Median, and Mode are all measures of central tendency

41
Q

Correlation

A

A statistical relationship between two variables. Does not indicate direct causation, but when one variable changes so does the other.

42
Q

Convenience Sampling

A

Obtaining subjects for a study by asking for peoples participation based on easy accessibility & availabilty

43
Q

Correlational Research

A

A type of research design done to assess a relationship between two variables. Typically lacks manipulation of the variables and doesn’t establish a cause-and-effect relationship.

44
Q

Correlational Coefficient

A

A statistical measure indicating the strength & direction of a relationship between two variables. Will be on a scale of -1 (neg correlation) to 1 Positive correlation

45
Q

Directionality Problem

A

A limitation w/in correlational research where within a correlational relationship between two variables it is indgistinguishable which variable impacts the other.

46
Q

Effect Size

A

Statistical measure indicating the magnitude/strength of the relationship between variables in a study.

47
Q

Mean

A

Arithmetic Average ( overall avg)

48
Q

Median

A

The middle value w/in a set of numbers.

49
Q

Meta-Analysis

A

Statistical method where researchers combine results of multiple studies ( regarding the same topic) to draw clearer understanding and a reliable conclusion

50
Q

Mode

A

Most frequently occurring value in a data set

51
Q

Negative Correlation

A

A relationship where as one variable increases the other will decrease. A negative slope

52
Q

Negative Skew

A

A distribution with more data points at the lower extreme causing the tail of the graph to lift on the left

53
Q

Normal Curve

A

NORMAL CURVE= BELL CURVE
Bell shaped distribution of data with scores clustered around the mean with less data to the extremes

54
Q

Percentile Rank

A

The precentage of individuals w/in a group who scored at or below a certain score/individual on a test

55
Q

Population

A

The individuals w/in a group of study

56
Q

Positive Correlation

A

When one variable goes up so does the other ( positive slope)

57
Q

Positive Skew

A

Data distribution where some extremely high values pull the data tail up towards the right.

58
Q

Random Sample

A

A sampling where each member of the population of study is equally likely to be included in the study.

59
Q

Range

A

The difference between the highest score in a data set and the lowest score in a data set.

60
Q

Regression Toward The Mean

A

The statistical tendency where extreme scores/ outliers will become less extreme/ move towards the mean when re-measured.

61
Q

Representative Sample

A

A group of subjects w/in a study that closely matches the population of study as a whole.

62
Q

Sample

A

A group of individuals examined for a study/research

63
Q

Sampling Bias

A

A flaw in a study where a research sample isn’t representative of the larger population of the study.

64
Q

Scatterplot

A

A graphed cluster of dots indicating data results.

65
Q

Skew

A

The asymmetry of a data distribution. -> showing the data is not evenly spread around a central point/ the mean.

66
Q

Standard Deviation

A

THE BELL CURVE; the overall difference from the mean in a set of data.

Def; Statistical procedure done to determine the variation w/in results/ data set.

67
Q

Statistical Significance

A

The measure indicating whether the results of a study are unlikely to be caused by chance.

68
Q

Third Variable Problem

A

The tendency for a third variable outside the two being studied leads to a correlation/relationship between the initial two which is not genuine.

69
Q

Variation

A

The degree to which individuals w/in a population are different from each other. ( diversity)

AP Psych (2 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions