Unit 2: Chapter 9: Antimicrobial Chemotherapy Flashcards
1
Q
natural products or their derivatives that kill
susceptible microbes or inhibit their growth
A
antibiotic
2
Q
natural and chemically
synthesized compounds that kill
susceptible microbes or inhibit their growth
A
antibiotic agent
3
Q
penicillin was first discovered in
A
1896
4
Q
Who first discovered peniclin
A
Ernest Duchense
5
Q
Penicilin was rediscovered in
A
1928
6
Q
Penicilin was rediscovered by
A
Alexander Fleming
7
Q
How did Fleming rediscover peniciln
A
he saw lack of growth on plate around contaminated mold
8
Q
What did Florey, Chain and Heatley do to penicilin?
A
Purified it from a culture and injected into mice
9
Q
What was discovered in 1944 by Selman Waksman
A
Streptomycin
10
Q
Why is 1940-1960 the “Golden era of antibiotics”
A
rapid development of new antimicrobial agents
11
Q
Ability of drug to control pathogen with least damage
to host
A
Selective Toxicity
12
Q
Two degrees selective toxicity is measured by
A
Therapeutic does
Toxic Dose
13
Q
drug level required for treatment of an infection
A
Therapeutic dose
14
Q
drug level at which the agent is too toxic to host
A
Toxic dose
15
Q
Ratio of toxic dose to therapeutic dose
A
Therapeutic Index
16
Q
effective against a limited variety of
pathogen
A
Narrow-Spectrum Drugs
17
Q
target wide variety of bacteria
A
Broad-spectrum drugs
18
Q
kills the target pathogen
A
- Cidal agent
19
Q
reversibly inhibits growth of microbes
A
Static agent
20
Q
Effectiveness of antimicrobial drugs is measured in two ways:
A
- Minimal inhibitory concentration
- Minimal lethal concentration
21
Q
Lowest concentration of drug that prevents growth of
the pathogen
A
Minimal inhibitory concentration
22
Q
Lowest concentration of drug that kills the pathogen
A
Minimal lethal concentration (M LC)
23
Q
Test Used to determine the M IC and MLC values
A
Dilution Susceptibility Test
24
Q
Test Used to analyze rapidly growing bacteria
A
Disk diffusion test
25
Antibiotics containing disks are placed on a plate where
microbes are inoculated
disk diffusion test
26
In a disk diffusion test, Wide clear zones indicate ?
a microbe is
more susceptible to that antibiotic
27
Standardized method for disk diffusion test
Kirby-Bauer Method
28
Relates zone diameter with microbial resistance
Kirby-Bauer Method
29
Test Used in sensitivity testing
Etest
30
Bacterial is inoculated on agar,
then _____ strips are placed on
the surface
Etest
31
In an Etest, Intersection of elliptical zone of inhibition with strip indicates ___
MIC
32
Main Modes of Antibacterial Action
1. Cell Wall synthesis inhibition
2. protein synthesis inhibition
3. metabolic antagonist
4. nucleic acid synthesis inhibition
33
______—most crucial feature of penicillin molecule
β-lactam ring
34
Acts by inhibiting transpeptidase
penicilin
35
Penicillin-resistant organisms produce
β -lactamase
(penicillinase)
36
Natural penicillins –
G and V
37
_______ have a broader spectrum than
naturally occurring ones
Semisynthetic penicillins
38
Bulkier side chains make them difficult for β-lactamase to degrade
Antistaphylococcal drugs
39
Structurally and functionally
similar to penicillins
- Inhibit transpeptidase
Cephalosporins
40
Broad spectrum antibiotics
- Imipenem, ertapenem, meropenem, and doripenem
Carbapenems
41
- Effective against Gram-negative bacteria
Monobactam
42
- Used to treat complex infections that involve resistant bacteria
Aztreonam
43
Glycopeptide antibiotic
Vancomycin
44
Inhibit cell wall synthesis
* Binds to substrate (alanine -alanine terminal sequence)
instead of the enzyme
Vancomycin
45
Vancomycin binds to ________ instead of ______
substrate; enzyme
46
Made of cyclohexane ring and amino sugars
Aminoglycosides
47
Bactericidal
* Effective on Gram-negative bacteria
aminoglycosides
48
Disrupt peptide elongation
-Bind to 30S ribosomal subunit
aminoglycosides
49
Examples of aminoglycosides
gentamycin
kanamycin
streptomycin
50
Four-ring structure with variety of side chains that Targets the 30S subunit of the ribosome
tetracyclines
51
Contain 12- to 22-carbon lactone rings linked to sugars that targets the 50S ribosomal subunit
macrolides
52
Bacteriostiatic and broad spectrum
macrolides and tetracyline
53
Used for pateitns with allergy to penicllin
macrolides
54
Broad spectrum activity against anaerobic microbes
Lincosamines
55
Lincosamines support the growth of
C. difficile
56
Inhibits peptidyltransferase
Lincosamines
57
Heterocyclic five-membered ring structure that Binds to 50S ribosomal subunit
* Prevents assembly of the 70S initiation complex
oxazolidinones
58
example of lincosamine
clindamycin
59
clindamycin is a
lincosamine
60
linezolid is a
oxazolidinone
61
example of ozaxolidinones
linezolid
62
Oxazolidinones are actvie against
MRSA
63
Structural analogues of p-aminobenzoic acid (PABA)
Sulfonamides
64
_ is used for the synthesis of folic acid
PABA
65
the synthesis of folic acid is required for synthesis of
purines
66
prevents synthesis of DNA< RNA, proteins
sulfonamides
67
high therapeautic index and low toxicity
sulfonamides
68
competes with dihydrofolate
trimethoprim
69
This metabolic antagonist is combined with sulfa drugs to increase efficacy
trimethorpim
70
Most commonly used nucleic acid synthesis inhibitors
* Topoisomerases (fluoroquinolones)
* RNA polymerase (rifamycins)
71
Synthetic drugs containing the fluorinated 4-quinolone ring
Fluroquinolones
72
Disrupts DNA replication process
* Bind bacterial DNA topoisomerase
Fluoroquinolones
73
Broad Spectrum Bactericidal Nucleic Acid Synthesis Inhibitors
Fluoroquinolones
74
Example of fluoroquinolones
ciprofloxacin
75
Ciprofloxacin is a
fluoroquinolone
76
Inhibit bacterial transcription Bind to the b-subunit of RNA polymerase
Rifamycin`
77
Used to treat tuberculosis
rifamycin
78
exmample of rifamycin
rifampin
79
rifampin is a what
rifamycin
80
The 7 Cell Wall Synthesis Inhibitors
1. Penicilin
2. Semisynthetic Pencilin
3. Cephalosporin
4. Carbapenems
5. Monobactam
6. Aztreonam
7. Vancomycin
81
The 5 Protein Synthesis Inhibitors
1. Aminoglycoside
2. Tetracycline
3. Macrolide
4. Lincosamine
5. Oxazolidinones
82
The 2 Metabolic Antagonists
1. Sulfoamide
2. Trimethoprim
83
The 2 Nucleic Acid Synthesis Inhibitors
1. Topoisomerase (Fluoroquinolones)
2. RNA polymerase (rifamycin)
84
3 Classes of Antiviral Drugs
1. Virus-neutralizing antibodies
2. Recombinant human receptors
3. Antiviral polymers
85
Influenze Antivrals
1. Oseltamivir
2. Marboxil Baloxavir
86
Oseltamivir is aka
Tamiflu
87
Tamiflu is aka
Oseltamivir
88
Anti-influenza agent that is a neuraminidase inhibitor
Oseltamivir
89
Anti-influenza agent that prevents viral RNA transcription
Marboxil baloxavir
90
Marboxil baloxavir aka
Xofluza
91
Xofluza aka
Marboxil Baloxavir
92
Antiviral drugs for herpesviridae family
Nucleoside analgos
93
Nucleoside analogs
Acyclovir and vidarabine
Ganciclovir
94
This nucleoside analog is used for herpes and shingles
acyclovir and vidarabine
95
this nucleoside analog is used for systemic cytomegalovirus
ganciclovir
96
Four Categories of Anti-HIV drugs
1. Fusion Inhibitors
2. Reverse transcriptase inhibitor
3. Integrase inhibitors
4. Protease inhibitors
97
This Anti-HIV drug prevents HIV entry into cells
Fusion inhibitor
98
This Anti-HIV drug includes nuecloside analog and nonnuclueoside (enzyme sequesters)
reverse transcriptase inhibtor
99
This Anti-HIV drug prevents incorportation of HIV genome into host's chromosome
integrase inhibitors
100
This Anti-HIV drug blocks the activity of the HIV protease
proease inhibitors
101
Hep C virus drugs
1. Sofosbuvir
2. Ledipasvir
3. Valpatasvir
102
This hep C virus cure is a Nucleotide analogue that blocks HCV RNA polymerase
Sofosbuvir
103
This hep C virus cure Target viral enzyme needed for replication
Ledipasvir and velpatasvir
104
Infections of skin and hair (Candida)
Superficial and Cutaneous Mycoses
105
Common drug for superficial and cutaneous mycoses
Griseofulvin
106
Disrupts mitotic spindles, preventing cell division in fungal infection
griseofulvin
107
Common drugs for systemic mycoses
5-flucytosine
Echinocandins
Fluconazole
108
Dirsupts RNA function in fungal infections
5-flucytosine
109
Blocks the synthesis of the funcal cell wall
echinocandins
110
low side effects, used prophylactically to treat fungal infections
fluconazole
111
Antiprotozoan drugs used to treat malaria
quinine
112
Inherent resistance of a microorganism to a drug
Intrinisic Resistance
113
Developed after exposure to a drug
Acquired Resistance
114
What might cause acquired resistance
mutation in bacterial genome
115
Temporary gain resistance
Adaptive resistance
116
What 4 things might cause adaptive resistance
epigenetic change
heterogenetiy
gene amplification
biofilm formation
