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Microbiology > Unit 2: Chapter 8: Control of Microorganisms in the Environment > Flashcards

Unit 2: Chapter 8: Control of Microorganisms in the Environment Flashcards

1
Q

Antimicrobial agents the contorl microbes, physically, chemically or biologically

A

Biocide

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2
Q

Process by which all living cells, spores, and acellular entities are destroyed or removed from an object

A

Sterilization

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3
Q

The chemical agent in sterilization, typically hydrogen peroxide

A

Sterilant

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4
Q

Killing, inhibitiion, or removal of pathogenic microbes

A

Disinfection

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5
Q

are agents, usually chemical, used for disinfection, usually used on inanimate objects (alcohol)

A

Disinfectant

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6
Q

Cleaning technique that mechanically removes microbes (Lysol)

A

Sanitization

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7
Q

Destruction of microbes on living tissue

A

Antisepsis

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8
Q

chemical agents applied to tissue to kill or inhibit growth of pathogen.

A

Antiseptics

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9
Q

Application of chemicals to kill microbes

A

Chemotherapy

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10
Q

Antimicrobial Agents that kill

A

Cidal agents

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11
Q

Include bactericides, fungicides, and viricides.

A

Cidal Agents

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12
Q

Antimicrobial Agents that inhibit growth

A

Include bacteriostatic and fungistatic.

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13
Q

Mechanisms of Resistance to Biocides

A
  1. Effux pumps
  2. Membrane permability altering
  3. Modification/Amplification of thetarget
  4. Resistance genes expression
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14
Q

Microorganisms are not killed instantly when exposed to lethal agent. Population death occurs __________

A

exponentially

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15
Q

Time required to kill 90% of microorganisms

A

Decimal Reduction Time (D)

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16
Q

time required to drop the number of microorganisms by 10-fold

A

D value

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17
Q

Filtrates trapped on the surface Filtered strictly based on the size of the pore

A

Membrane Filter

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18
Q

Filtration method which is characterized by Deep narrow and twisting channels which last longer

A

Depth filter

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19
Q

Types of Air Filtration

A

Surgical Masks
High-Efficiency Particulate AIr Filters

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20
Q

The N96 disposable mask exludes ___% of paritcles

A

95

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21
Q

Used in biological safety cabinets and exludes 99.97% of particles

A

HEPA filters

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22
Q

Heating which Destroys viruses, fungi, and bacteria, degrades nucleic acids, denatures proteins, and disrupting cell membranes

A

moist heat

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23
Q

Boiling (will/will not) sterilize

A

will not

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24
Q

Sterilization which is Effective against any microorganisms, including spores.
Temp: 121
Pressure: 15psi
Time: 15 min

A

Autoclave

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25
Characteristics of Autoclave
Temp: 121C Pressure: 15psi Time: 15 minutes
26
Disinfection method which is controlled heating at temperatures well below boiling. It doesn't sterilize, but it kills pathogens and slows spoilage by reducing microbial population
Pasteurization
27
What is pasteurization used for?
Milk, Wine and otehr beverages
28
Used For materials that cannot withstand the high temperature of the autoclave (certain liquid media, plant seeds, and canned food)
Tydallizatoin
29
Tyndallization uses ____________ : boiled for 20mins/day for 3 days in a row
Intermittent sterilization
30
This sterilzation oxidizes cell constituents and denatures proteins. However its not suitable for heat sensitive materials like plastic
Dry Heat Sterilization
31
Temp: 160-170C Time: 2-3Hrs
Dry heat sterilization
32
Which is more effective dry heat or moist heat sterilization?
Moist heat
33
An advantage of this sterilization method is that it doesn't corroede glassware and metal instruments
Dry Heat Sterilization
34
This is a disinfectant which is applicable only to surface sterilization. It forms thymine dimers on DNA and RNA
Radiation UV
35
This disinfectant has been used for water treatment
UV radiation
36
This is called the fourth state of matter
plasma
37
This radiation involves electrically charged particles made of ionized gases which are highly conductive
Cold Plasma
38
This radiation emits UV radiation and ROS
Cold Plasma
39
This radiation oxidized nucleic acids, proteins and lipids
Cold Plasma
40
This radiation involves gamma ray which penetrates deep into objects
Ioniziing
41
This radiation Dislodges electrons from molecules, producing reactive free radicals
Ionizing
42
This radition is Used for sterilization and pasteurization of antibiotics, hormones, sutures, plastic disposable supplies, and food.
Ionizing
43
Biocide is effective against wide variety of infectious agents at low concentrations and in the presence of organic matter
Disinfection
44
Reduce number of pathogens on human tissues to prevent infection
Antisepsis
45
These chemical agents are Commonly used as laboratory and hospital disinfectants
Phenolic Compound
46
This chemical agent Denatures proteins and disrupts cell membranes
Phenolic Compound
47
this chemical agent is Effective in presence of organic material, and lasts long
Phenolic Compound
48
Lysol is a mixture of
phenolics
49
The phenolics are
Phenol Ortho-Cresol Chloroxylenol
50
This phenolic is a benzne ring with an alcohol group
Phenol
51
This phenolic is a benzene ring with an alcohol and methyl group
Ortho-cresol
52
This phenolic is a benzene ring with an alcohol, 3 methyl groups and a chloride
Chloroxylenol
53
Most widely used disinfectants, antiseptics, and sanitizers
Alcohol
54
Most common alcohols used are
Ethanol and Isopropanol
55
This chemical agent is Bactericidal, fungicidal, but not sporicidal
alc
56
This chemical agent Inactivates` some viruses
alc
57
This chemical agent Denature proteins and dissolve membrane lipids
Alc
58
This chemical agent is a skin antiseptic
iodine
59
This chemical agent - Oxidizes cell constituents
Iodine
60
This chemical agent - May kill endospores at high concentration
Iodine
61
This chemical agent Can cause skin damage, staining, and allergies
Iodine
62
An iodine tincture is:
3% iodine alcohol
63
This chemical agent Oxidizes cellular components and destroys vegetative bacteria and fungi
Chlorine
64
Ions of what heavy metals were used for many years as disinfectants?
1. Mercury (Hg) 2. Arsenic (As) 3. Zinc (Zn) 4. Silver (Ag) 5. Copper (Cu)
65
Which heavy metals are only used today
Silver and Copper
66
used topically on burns
Silver Sulfadizine
67
Effective Algicide
Copper sulfate
68
This chemical agent inactivates proteins by sulfhydryl groups
Heavy Metals
69
These chemical agents are detergents and fabric softeners
Quaternary Ammonium Compounds
70
These are characterized broad spectrum antimicrobial activity and are Effective disinfectants
Detergents, Fabric Softenrs
71
Detergents and Fabric Softeners are inactivated by what
Hard water and soap
72
What do detergent and fabric softeners not kill
M. Tuberculosis endospores
73
These chemical agents are O || R - C - H
Aldehyde
74
Examples of aldehydes used
Formaldehyde Glutaraldehyde
75
These chemical agents Inactivate nucleic acids and proteins -Crosslink with membrane protein and peptidoglycan
Aldehydes
76
These chemical agents are chemical sterilants
Aldehydes
77
These chemical agents are Used to sterilize heat-sensitive materials
Gases
78
These chemical agents are microbicidal and sporicidal
Gases
79
Vaporized hydrogen peroxide is an example of what chemical agent
Sterilizing Gas
80
Antimicrobial Agent Effectiveness may be affected by:
Microbial population size and compositoin Intensit of the agent Temp, exposure time and local environemt
81
How to evalute the effectiveness of microbial agents?
Dilution Testing In-Use testing
82
What are the two types of Regulating Bodies?
Disinfectants by EPA Agents used onf hUmans and animals by FDA`
83
Potency of a disinfectant is compared to that of phenol
Phenol Coefficient Test
84
What does the number of phenol coefficient test indicate?
The disinfectant ability of an antiseptic/disinfectant in comparison to phenol under identical conditions
85
This test is used to determine whether actively used solution of disinfectant is contaminated with microbes
In-Use Test
86
What indicates contamination in an in-use test?
5 or more bacterial growth
87
This test Determines the rate at which selected bacteria are destroyed by various chemical agents
Use-Dilution Test
88
Process of Use-Dilution Test
Bacterial coat on stainless steel → Treat with chemicals → Culture organisms from stainless steel panel
89
This test Determines effectiveness of chemicals on certain bacteria
Disk-Diffusion
90
Process of DIsk-Diffusion Test
- Make bacterial loan - Place chemic’al containing disks - Observe zone of inhibition’
91
Biological Control of Microbes which Show great promise
- predation by bdellovibrio - bacteriophages - enzybioitics - toxin-mediated killing with bacteriocins

Microbiology (8 decks)

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