Unit 1: Chapter 1: Evolution of Microorganisms + Microbiology

Question 1

organisms too small ot be clearly seen by the unaided eye

Answer 1

microorganisms

Question 2

cellular organisms:

Answer 2

fungi
protists
bacteria
archaea

Question 3

acellular organisms:

Answer 3

viruses
viroids
satellites
prions

Question 4

Five Kingdoms by Robert Whitaker

Answer 4

MoneraProtistaFungi Plants Animals

Question 5

Three Domains By Carl Woese

Answer 5

Bacteria ArchaeaEukarya

Question 6

how did carl woese classify his domains?

Answer 6

by comparing ribosomal RNA genes

Question 7

usually single-celled with a peptidoglycan cell wall. lack membrane bound nucleus. Some are pathogenic

Answer 7

Bacteria

Question 8

Unique rRNA sequences and membrane lipids. Thrive in extremem environments and nonpathogenic

Answer 8

Archaea

Question 9

Fungi + Protists

Answer 9

Eukarya

Question 10

Unicellular, but gernerally larger than archaea and bacteria

Answer 10

Protists

Question 11

Unicellular or multicellular. Yeast
mold and mushrooms

Answer 11

Fungi

Question 12

Protozoa + Algae

Answer 12

Protists

Question 13

Definition of life

Answer 13

Orderly structure
Metabolism
Reproduction
Growth
Responsiveness

Question 14

Catalytic and structural

Answer 14

Proteins

Question 15

stores hereditary information which is replicated and passed on to the next generations

Answer 15

DNA

Question 16

Acts as messenger taking information from DNA and syntehsizing proteins

Answer 16

RNA

Question 17

the precellular state in the evolution of life. Everything came from RNA

Answer 17

RNA World hypothesis

Question 18

Most recent organism from which all 3 types of life arose

Answer 18

Last Universal Common Ancestor

Question 19

Origin of mitochondira, chlorplasts and hydrogenosomes

Answer 19

Endosymbiotic Hypothesis

Question 20

interaction between 2 organisms in which 1 lives inside the other

Answer 20

endoysmbiosis

Question 21

anaerobic endosymbiont that makes ATP via fermentation

Answer 21

hydrogenosomes

Question 22

compare organisms on basis of evolutionary relationsihps

Answer 22

Phyletic Classification systems

Question 23

comparison of CW structure, biomolecule and nuclotide squecne rRNA

Answer 23

microbial phylogeny

Question 24

displays evolutionaryl relationship between organisms

Answer 24

Phylogenetic tree

Question 25

defines phylogenetic relationships rather than primitive

Answer 25

Unrooted

Question 26

includes a node in phylogenetic tress which serves as a common ancestor

Answer 26

rooted

Question 27

science of classifying living things

Answer 27

tazonomy

Question 28

descendents of a pure microbial culture

Answer 28

strain

Question 29

living organisms can develop from nonliving/decomposing matter

Answer 29

Spontaneous Generation Theory

Question 30

Drew fungus mucor Coined term cell Wrote microphagia in 1665

Answer 30

Robert Hooke

Question 31

1st to accurately observe microbes

Answer 31

Antony van Leeuwenhoek

Question 32

Disporved spontaneous generation by showing fly eggs caused maggots

Answer 32

Francesco Redi

Question 33

Supported Spontaneous Generation Said microbes arose in heated gravy

Answer 33

John Needham

Question 34

Disporved Spon Gen. Said Sealed environments = no growth

Answer 34

Lazzaro Spallanzani

Question 35

Made vaccine for smallpoz

Answer 35

Edward Jenner

Question 36

Fungus causes silkworm Disease

Answer 36

Agostino Bassi

Question 37

Protozoans casue potato famine

Answer 37

M.J. Berkely

Question 38

Fungi causes crop disease

Answer 38

Heinrich de Bary

Question 39

Swan-Neck Experiments

Answer 39

Louis Pasteur

Question 40

Disproved spontaneous generation by sgwoing that no microbial growth occurs in sterile, air-ezposed flasks

Answer 40

Swan-Neck Experiments

Question 41

Microorganisms casue fermentation Pastuerization Helped extablish germ theory of dsisease

Answer 41

LOuis Pasteur

Question 42

Developed attenuated cultures for vaccines

Answer 42

Pasteur

Question 43

Incubated cultures for long period between transfers causing pathogens unable to cause diseases

Answer 43

attenuated cultures

Question 44

DUst carries microbes evidence of heat resistance bacterial forms

Answer 44

John Tyndall

Question 45

Bacterial Endospores Explained heat-resistant bacterias

Answer 45

Ferdinand Cohn

Question 46

Microbes cause disases Antiseptic surgical techniques lead to less post op infecitons

Answer 46

Joseph Lister

Question 47

Bacillus anthracis casues antrhazx My. tubercuilosis causes Tb nutrient broth and agar improved mehtods for isolating microbes

Answer 47

Robert Koch

Question 48

Microbes must be present in every case of the disaase, but absent in healthy organismes

Answer 48

Koch Postulate 1

Question 49

Microbe must be isolated + grown in pure culture

Answer 49

Koch Postulate 2

Question 50

Pure culture must cause the same disease when inoculated into a healthy host

Answer 50

Koch Postulate 3

Question 51

Microbe must be re-isolated from diseased host

Answer 51

Koch Postulate 4

Question 52

Limitaitons of Koch's Postulates?

Answer 52

some pathogens can't grow in pure cultureshuman testing is unethical

Question 53

studied tobacco DZ using porcelain bacterial filters infections agents smaller than bacteria viruses exist

Answer 53

Martinus Beijerinck

Question 54

Antitoxins and antibodies for diphteris

Answer 54

Emil von Behring and Shibasaburo Kitasato

Question 55

Father of NAtural Immunity discovered pahgocytes

Answer 55

Elie Metchnikoff