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Biology 122 > Unit 2 (Cells & Organelles) 💜🧡 > Flashcards

Unit 2 (Cells & Organelles) 💜🧡 Flashcards

1
Q

What is a cell? Why are cells important?

A
  1. A living structure composed on non-living parts.
  2. They compose ALL living things.
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2
Q

What are the two basic types of cells?

A

Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic

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3
Q

What organisms are classified as Prokaryotic cells? What are Eukaryotic?

A
  1. Archaea & Bacteria
  2. Animals, Plants, Fungi, Protists
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4
Q

What are the main differences between E and P cells? (2 differences)

A
  1. Only E cells have membrane- bound organelles. P cells dont.
  2. P cells usually only have a single circular chromosome. E cells have pairs of chromosomes.
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5
Q

What is the typically size of Eukaryotic cells in animals?

A

About ~10-40 um (microns) wide

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6
Q

What is the typical size of a P cell?

A

About ~1-2 um (microns) wide

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7
Q

What is the relationship between cell walls and E/P cells?

A
  1. Some E cells have cell walls (plants, fungi, etc.)
  2. P cells always have cell walls.
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8
Q

Biological membranes are _______ bilayers embedded with _______.

A
  1. phospholipid
  2. proteins
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9
Q

What type of proteins are found in a phospholipid bilayer?

A
  1. Cholesterol
  2. Glycoprotein
  3. Glycolipid
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10
Q

What is the Fluid-Mosaic structure?

A

It’s a structural way for us to understand the phospholipid bilayer structure (model)

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11
Q

What does the Nucleus contain? In what type of cells are nuclei found?

A
  1. The nucleus contains the nuclear DNA.
  2. Eukaryotic Cells
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12
Q

What is the nucleus enclosed in? What is it called?

A

The nucleus is enclosed by a double lipid bilayer with pores. It’s called the nucleus membrane. Pores (RNA moves out to do it’s job)

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13
Q

What is a nucleoli? Where is it found? How many are there usually?

A
  1. It’s the site where ribosomal subunits are assembled.
  2. In the nucleus.
  3. One or more.
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14
Q

What is the cytoplasm?

A

Everything between the nuclear membrane and the plasma membrane. (The organelles and cytosol)

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15
Q

What is the nuclear membrane? (NM)

A

It’s the membrane that surrounds the nucleus.

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16
Q

What is the plasma membrane? (PM)

A

Another word for the cell membrane.

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17
Q

What is cytosol?

A

The area in between the organelles in a cell, within the cytoplasm. Basically, the fluid parts of the cytoplasm.

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18
Q

What are ribosomes? What is their purpose?

A
  1. Ribosomes are RNA proteins. They don’t have membranes.
  2. They synthesize (make) proteins.
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19
Q

What are RNA protein complexes?

A

This is a fancy name for ribosomes.

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20
Q

Where can you find ribosomes?

A

Either floating in the cytosol, or bound to the ER.

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21
Q

Some ribosomes are attached to the ER, what are they doing? What about the ones floating around doing?

A
  1. They synthesize (make) proteins to be exported from the cell.
  2. They synthesize (make) proteins that will stay inside the cell.
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22
Q

What do most antibiotics target in our bodies? Why?

A
  1. The bacteria’s ribosomes.
  2. Bacteria (Prokaryotes) has slightly different ribosomes.
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23
Q

What is the Endo-membrane System? What does this system do?

A
  1. The ER, Golgi, & Transport Vesicles
  2. The E System exports things like proteins.
24
Q

What does ER stand for? What is it?

A
  1. Endoplasmic Reticulum
  2. A labyrinth providing a passage towards a cells surface/exit
25
What is the Rough ER? What does it do?
1. Just an ER covered with ribosomes. 2. As ribosomes make proteins, the rough ER moves the proteins toward the the exit.
26
What is the Smooth ER? What are its two jobs?
1. An ER without ribosomes. 2. The Smooth ER lipid synthesis. It also works on detoxification.
27
What is lipid synthesis?
The creation of sex hormones (estrogen, testosterone).
28
What is the Golgi Complex? What does it do?
1. A stack of flattened membranous sacs. 2. It is the place where export proteins are modified after leaving the ER.
29
♥️ What is detoxification?
The removal of toxins (like alcohol).
30
What are Transport Vesicles? What do they transport? Where do they transport?
1. They are vesicles (sacks) that transport proteins from: 2. ER-> Golgi Between Golgi compartments Golgi-> Plasma Membrane PM-> Cytoplasm
31
What does exocytosis mean?
This is the term for the process of vesicles transporting proteins through the membrane. (out of the cell)
32
Endocytosis
When a transport vesicle hits the plasma membrane and releases it's contents into the cell/cytoplasm.
33
Phagocytosis
When a cell ingests a large particle/structure.
34
What are Lysosomes? What are there purpose? What is their interior Ph?
1. These are cellular "recycling centers" that contain hydrolytic enzymes. 2. They take all the unwanted bits and recycle them. 3. Ph-5
35
Hydrolytic Enzymes
Enzymes that catalyze hydrolysis reaction and chop things in half (specifically poly-mono)
36
What are the energy processing organelles?
Chloroplasts and Mitochondria
37
What are Chloroplasts' purpose? Where can they be found?
1. The sites of photosynthesis. 2. Found in plants and some protists.
38
What ingredients does chloroplast need to produce "energy?" What does chloroplast produce?
1. Sunlight + H2O+ CO2 2. C6-H12-O6 (glucose)+ Oxygen (plant waste)
39
What is chlorophyll? Where can it be found?
1. Green pigment 2. Found within Chloroplasts
40
What kind of energy is Glucose in regards to plants?
Called chemical energy/potential energy. It is a form of unstable energy.
41
What is the Mitochondria known for? Where can they be found?
1. Being the site of Aerobic Cellular Respiration. 2. In all Eukaryotic Cells.
42
What is Aerobic Cellular Respiration?
The extraction of energy from food molecules using oxygen.
43
What goes into the Mitochondria? What do they produce?
1. Glucose+ O2 2. CO2+H2O
44
Why are ADP/ATP so different?
ADP's phosphates make energy, but ATP's phosphates make much more energy. The singular added phosphate makes the chemical much more volatile/energetic.
45
Summarize what Mitochondria do. Why is this action important?
1. They take ADP and add on a phosphate to make ATP. 2. ATP is a form of energy for the cell.
46
What is the universal cellular energy currency?
ATP
47
What do Chloroplasts and Mitochondria have in common?(4)
1. They both have their own circular DNA chromosomes 2. They both have prokaryotic like ribosomes 3. They both replicate independently 4. Are enclosed by a double membrane (inner/outer membrane) (membrane 1 and 2)
48
What is The Endosymbiont Theory?
The theory of origin of mitochondria and chloroplasts- theorizing that they are direct descendants of ancient phagocytose bacteria.
49
What is the cytoskeleton and it's purpose? What are the two components they are made up of?
1. It's a network of protein fibers that supports cell structure. (muscles/bones) 2. Micro-filaments & Micro-tubules. (u-fila/u-tub)
50
What are micro filaments/tubules?
What makes up the cytoskeleton.
51
What are vacuoles?
They are storage organelles
52
What is chromatin? Where can it be found?
1. A bunch of DNA condensed together. Makes up chromatids/ chromosomes . 2. Found in the cell's nucleus.
53
What are the four important structures of the mitochondria? (Draw the bean structure)
1. Inner membrane 2. Outer membrane 3. Inter-membrane space 4. Matrix
54
What are two examples of vacuoles in cells?
1. Plant cells generally have a "central vacuole", that stores water. 2. Fat cells have a vacuole that stores fat.
55
What is another way of saying "fat cells"
Adipose cells

Biology 122 (18 decks)

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