Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Biology 122 > Unit 1 (Biochemistry) 💜 > Flashcards

Unit 1 (Biochemistry) 💜 Flashcards

You may prefer our related Brainscape-certified flashcards:
AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What are the four classes of biological macromolecules?

A

Carbohydrates, Lipids, Proteins, Nucleic Acids (CAPL)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What is the significance of Carbohydrates?

A

Energy (where “we” get our energy from) and Structure (to build bigger molecules)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What are the three sub-types of Carbohydrates?

A

Mono-Di- and Poly

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What are monosaccharides? What is their primary purpose? Why are they soluble?

A
  1. Mono’s are simple sugars that are created through photosynthesis.
  2. They store energy through C-H bonds.
  3. They are soluble because of their O-H bonds that love to bond with water.
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What is the chemical compound of Glucose?

A

C6-H12-O6 (CHO)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What are disaccharides?

A

Two mono’s joined by a dehydration reaction

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What are examples of joining and breaking reactions?

A
  1. Joining=dehydration reaction
  2. Breaking= hydrolysis reaction
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Here are some disaccharides: (maltose, fructose, lactose) What would each turn into if put through a hydrolysis reaction?

A
  1. Gluc+Gluc
  2. Gluc+Fruc
  3. Gluc+Galactose
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Here are some monosaccharide combinations: (Gluc+Gluc) (Gluc+Fructose) (Gluc+Glactose) What would each turn into if put through a hydrolysis reaction?

A
  1. Maltose
  2. Fructose
  3. Lactose
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What are polysaccharides?

A

Polysaccharides are chains of mono’s, in other words, a polymer of monomers

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What are the function of polysaccharides?

A

They store energy and make up the other layer of certain living organisms.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What form of carbohydrate is Starch? Why is it important?

A
  1. Starch is a polysaccharide and a branched polymer of glucoses.
  2. Starch molecules store energy, specifically in plants.
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What form of carbohydrate is Glycogen? Why is it important?

A
  1. Glycogen is a polysaccharide and a very branched polymer of glucose.
  2. Glycogen molecules are immediate storage in animals.
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What is the structure of Cellulose? What does it do? Why can’t we digest it?

A
  1. A polymer of glucoses
  2. Cellulose forms the outer wall of plants. It is the most abundant organic molecule on earth.
  3. It’s because of HOW the glucoses are linked.
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What does Chitin do?

A

It makes up the exoskeletons of arthropods and fungal walls.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What are Lipids?

A

Differentiated by their inability to dissolve in water (h20 insoluble) these are fats and steroids.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What are triglycerides? What macromolecule umbrella are they under? What is their primary function?

A
  1. Triglycerides are made out of three fatty acids attached to a glycerol. Better known as the compound that makes fats and oils.
  2. They are a lipid.
  3. They store energy.
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What is a fatty acid? Where can you find fatty acids?

A
  1. A carbon chain just surrounded with hydrogens.
  2. A fatty acid is found attached a glycerol molecule, this is called a triglyceride.
19
Q

What are the primary differences between a saturated and unsaturated fatty acid?

A
  1. Saturated FA’s are solid at room temp, while unsaturated FA’s are liquid at room temp.
  2. SATs are straight while UNS-are kinked. They are so because they have one or more double carbon bonds.
  3. SATs are energy storage in animals while UNS are produced by plants.
20
Q

What is a saturated fatty acid? What are they known for? Where can they be found?

A
  1. These are called “fats”. They are saturated with hydrogen so they are only single carbon bonds.
  2. The #1 energy storage in animals.
  3. Attached to a glycogen, making up a triglyceride.
21
Q

What is a unsaturated fatty acid? Where can they be found?

A
  1. These are called “oils”. They have at least one double Carbon bond, leading them to be “kinked”.
  2. They are produced by plants, and are found attached to a triglyceride.
22
Q

What are phospholipids? What are they made of?

A

They are the #1 component of the cell membrane. They are made out of two fatty acids, a phosphate, and a glycerol.
(Rather than a triglyceride that is three fatty acids and a glycerol)

23
Q

What are phospholipid bilayers?

A

These are the wall of cell, making up the cell membrane. Phospholipids form them when exposed to water.

24
Q

What are steroids?

A

Steroids are defined as four interlocking rings of Carbon. Other functional groups can be attached as well.

25
Q

What are the three major types of lipids?

A

Triglycerides, Phospholipids, and Steroids (PTS-D)

26
Q

What is cholesterol? What is cholesterol used to form?

A
  1. Cholesterol is a component of cell membranes.
  2. Cholesterol is used to form hormones such as testosterone and estrogen. As well as, Vitamin D.
27
Q

What is a Nucleic Acid?

A

A Nucleic Acid is either DNA or RNA.

28
Q

What is DNA and what does it do?

A

DNA is made of a double-stranded polymer of nucleotides. DNA encodes genetic info.

29
Q

What is the “Base Paring” Rule? What are the four letters and their configuration?

A
  1. The rule that A always hydrogen bonds with T and so forth.
  2. A-T and C-G
30
Q

What is important about the two strands of ____ that make up DNA?

A
  1. Double-stranded polymer of nucleotides
  2. DNA
  3. They are complimentary. Which enables self replication and the creation of RNA.
31
Q

What is a Chromosome?

A

A very long DNA molecule.

32
Q

What are Genes? What do they do?

A
  1. Genes are sections of DNA.
  2. Genes encode the animo acid sequence of proteins
33
Q

What is RNA?

A

A single stranded polymer of nucleotides.

34
Q

What are nucleotides? What are they made of?

A

These are composed of a phosphate, nitrogenous base and a sugar, they are a part of a nucleic acid.

35
Q

What are nitrogenous bases?

A

This is (Adenine) (Thymine) (Cytosine) & (Guanine)

36
Q

What are proteins main purpose? What are they made of?

A
  1. They function as enzymes, which basically speed up chemical reactions. They are also building blocks (structural molecules).
  2. They are made up of polymers of amino acids.
37
Q

What are amino acids? What is their structure? How many amino acids are there?

A
  1. Amino acids are molecules that combine to form proteins.
  2. An r-group, an amino group, a hydrogen group, and a carboxyl group (HARC)
  3. 20 amino acids
38
Q

What are the two types of protein structure?

A

There are “globular proteins” that ball up, and “fibrous” proteins that are thing (interwoven) and longer

39
Q

What is denaturation? What denatures?

A
  1. The loss of shape/function due to intense heat or Ph extemes
  2. Proteins
40
Q

What are two types of fibrous proteins?

A
  1. Collagen (skin)
  2. Keratin (hair, nails, etc)
41
Q

What are an examples of globular proteins?

A
  1. Digestive Enzymes (amylase, lactose)
  2. Enzymes that synthesize (make)
  3. Hormones
  4. Membrane Proteins
    5.Bloodstream Transport
    6.Muscle/Intra-celluar Movement
  5. Transcription
  6. Antibodies
    (Understand rather than memorize)
42
Q

What are enzymes?

A

Biological catalysts

43
Q

How many proteins does the human body have

A

60-80k

44
Q

What is in blood? What does blood Transport?

A
  1. Hemoglobin
  2. Oxygen

Biology 122 (18 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions