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AP BIO > Unit 2: Cells > Flashcards

Unit 2: Cells Flashcards

1
Q

What are the two types of cells?

A

Prokaryotes and eukaryotes

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2
Q

What are examples of prokaryotes?

A

Bacteria, archae, and extremophiles

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3
Q

What are examples of eukaryotes?

A

Plants, fungi, animals, protists

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4
Q

How are prokaryotes and eukaryotes different in terms of where DNA is located?

A

DNA is free floating in prokaryotes, located in the nucleus is eukaryotes

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5
Q

How are prokaryotes and eukaryotes different in terms of DNA shape?

A

Prokaryotes have circular DNA, eukaryotes have linear DNA

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6
Q

How are prokaryotes and eukaryotes different in terms of membrane bound organelles?

A

Prokaryotes have no membrane bound organelles while eukaryotes have membrane bound organelles

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7
Q

No membrane bound organelles

A

Prokaryotes

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8
Q

Membrane bound organelles

A

Eukaryotes

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9
Q

Circular DNA

A

Prokaryotes

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10
Q

Linear DNA

A

Eukaryotes

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11
Q

DNA is free flowing

A

Prokaryotes

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12
Q

DNA is located in the nucleus

A

Eukaryotes

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13
Q

What are some common structures between prokaryotes and eukaryotes?

A

Ribosomes, cell membrane, and cytoplasm

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14
Q

Liquid portion of the cytoplasm is called?

A

Cytosol

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15
Q

What are some synonyms for cell membrane?

A

Plasma membrane and phospholipid bilayer

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16
Q

What are the two types of ribosomes?

A

Free and bound ribosomes

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17
Q

Free ribosomes

A

Float freely in the cytoplasm and make proteins for inside the cell

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18
Q

Bound ribosomes

A

Attached to the rough ER and make proteins for outside the cell and the cell membrane

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19
Q

What is rRNA? How is it different from ribosomes?

A

rRNA is the RNA component of the ribosomes, which is a nucleic acid. The ribosomes organelles carry out protein synthesis.

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20
Q

Function of ribosomes

A

Protein synthesis

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21
Q

Nucleus function

A

Contains DNA

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22
Q

What is the nucleus surrounded by?

A

A nuclear envelope that separates the nucleus from the rest of the cell’s cytoplasm.

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23
Q

What does the nuclear envelope contain?

A

It contains small pores that allow for selective movement of molecules like RNA and proteins.

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24
Q

Function of endoplasmic reticulum (ER)

A

Intracellular (within the cell) transport

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25
Q

Rough ER has

A

Ribosomes

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26
Q

Smooth ER has

A

No ribosomes

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27
Q

What does rough ER do?

A

Makes proteins for cell membrane or to be taken out of the cell

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28
Q

What does smooth ER do?

A

Synthesizes lipids and steroids (estrogen, testosterone, cholesterol) and carries out detoxification

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29
Q

What are the four functions of the golgi apparatus?

A
  • Sort and modify proteins and other macromolecules (complete protein synthesis)
  • Make lysosomes
  • Receive and make vesicles
  • Export proteins out of the cell or to the cell membrane
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30
Q

Describe the endomembrane system

A

The nucleus uses mRNA to go to the rough ER. The rough ER synthesizes proteins. Proteins are then finalized by the golgi apparatus and exocytosed out of the cell with the help of vesicles.

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31
Q

Lysosome function

A

Digestive organelle

32
Q

What process does the lysosome complete?

A

Hydrolysis (Breaking up a polymer into its monomers with the addition of water)

33
Q

Apoptosis

A

Programmed cell death

34
Q

Autophagy

A

Destroys warn-out cells

35
Q

What is the significance of the endosymbiotic theory?

A

Marks the beginning of eukaryotes

36
Q

What process does the mitochondria carry out?

A

Cell respiration to make ATP energy

37
Q

Mitochondria has its…

A

Own ribosomes and circular DNA (related to prokaryotes)

38
Q

Explain the endosymbiotic theory?

A

Mitochondria was engulfed by a prokaryotic cell and wasn’t digested. Since you can’t have organelles in prokaryotes, this was the beginning of eukaryotes.

39
Q

Vacuole function

A

Stores food, water, and waste

40
Q

What covers the vacuole?

A

A membrane called the tonoplast surrounds the vacuole. It basically separates the vacuole’s contents from the rest of the cell’s cytoplasm.

41
Q

What is surface area?

A

The sum of the areas of all faces on a 3-D object

42
Q

Describe surface area to volume ratio using words

A

Amount of surface area in a given volume

43
Q

How do cells increase their surface area?

A

By folding (think about YouTube video with guy cutting paper) and cilia

44
Q

Why is a large surface area to volume ratio a good thing for cells?

A

Nutrients and wastes diffuse faster and more efficiently

45
Q

How does cilia help increase surface area?

A

The tiny finger-like structures extending outward from the cell membrane increase the cell’s exposed surface area

46
Q

What are some structural adaptations that help increase surface area to volume ratios?

A

Root hairs of plants help to absorb nutrients and water

47
Q

Structural adaptations of desert hares (ears, legs)

A
  • Large, thin ears that allow for the evaporation of water and cool down body temperature
  • Longer legs, meaning there is more surface area exposed to cool the body down
48
Q

Structural adaptions of snow shoe hares (ears, legs)

A
  • Smaller ears with more hair that keep heat in and there’s less exposed surface area
  • Shorter legs with less surface area exposed to help keep in heat
49
Q

How do cells achieve the optimal SA:V ratio?

A

Small, lots of folds, and containing organelles increase the effective surface area for cellular processes within a given volume

50
Q

What does the cell membrane do?

A

Regulates what comes in and out of the cell

51
Q

The cell membrane is

A

Semi permeable

52
Q

The “head” portion of the phospholipid bilayer is:

A

Polar, hydrophilic

53
Q

The “tail” portion of the phospholipid bilayer is:

A

Nonpolar, hydrophobic

54
Q

If there is a protein partially touching the inside of the cell membrane and a part sticking out of the cell…

A

Part touching is nonpolar, part that’s out and not touching anything is polar

55
Q

The cell membrane regulates what comes into and out of the cell based on…

A

Size, charge, and polarity

56
Q

Why is it called a bilayer?

A

You need two sets of hydrophobic tails and hydrophilic heads in order to have water inside

57
Q

Example the fluid mosaic model of the cell membrane

A

Molecules move laterally throughout the membrane, which behaves like a fluid

58
Q

Cell membrane with a high concentration of saturated fats:

A

Stiff (s), rigid

59
Q

Cell membrane with a low concentration of saturated fats:

60
Q

What kinds of molecules can easily pass through the nonpolar region of the cell membrane with no resistance?

A

Nonpolar, no charge, small

61
Q

Examples of molecules that can pass through the nonpolar part of the cell membrane with no resistance

A

Oxygen, carbon dioxide

62
Q

What kinds of molecules cannot easily pass through the nonpolar region of the cell membrane with no resistance?

A

Polar, charged, large

63
Q

How is cholesterol represented in the cell membrane?

64
Q

What does cholesterol do in the cell membrane?

A

Maintains fluidity of the membrane

65
Q

Integral proteins

A

Transport things to go into the cell membrane

66
Q

What’s an example of an integral protein?

A

Aquaporins

67
Q

What do aquaporins do?

A

Transport water

68
Q

If the aquaporin is denatured, what would happen?

A

Water will still enter the cell, but not as much

69
Q

Peripheral proteins

A

Used for cell signaling and immune response

70
Q

What do peripheral proteins look like?

71
Q

Glycoproteins or glycolipids

A

Cell recognition and immune response

72
Q

What do glycoproteins or glycolipids look like?

A

Gumdrop with lots of smaller dots/circles attached to it

73
Q

Enzymes =

74
Q

Golgi appartus does what in regards to tertiary structure?

A

Finalizes proteins’ tertiary structure (completes the folding)

75
Q

Advantage of organelles? (4)

A
  • Larger sized cell
  • Compartmentalize reactions
  • More metabolic reactions
  • Increase complexity of an organism
76
Q

Cytoskeleton

A

Gives cells their shape and structure

77
Q

mRNA

A

Nucleus copies DNA into a smaller mRNA form which goes to he rough ER

AP BIO (6 decks)

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