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AP BIO > osmosis and tonicity > Flashcards

osmosis and tonicity Flashcards

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1
Q

What do all cells need to live?

A

Obtain nutrients and get rid of waste

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2
Q

What are some examples of nutrients a cell needs and why?

A

Water needed for chemical reactions and oxygen needed for cellular respiration

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3
Q

Simple diffusion

A

Moving molecules from high to low concentration

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4
Q

Does simple diffusion require energy?

A

No

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5
Q

Is simple diffusion active or passive transport?

A

Passive

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6
Q

Examples of things that do simple diffusion across the cell membrane

A

Oxygen, carbon dioxide, lipids, steroids

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7
Q

Facilitated diffusion

A

Using proteins to move molecules from high to low concentrations through the cell membrane

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8
Q

Example of facilitated diffusion

A

Osmosis

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9
Q

Does facilitated diffusion require energy?

A

No

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10
Q

Is facilitated diffusion an example of active or passive transport?

A

Passive

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11
Q

Examples of substances that require facilitated diffusion?

A

Large, charged, polar molecules

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12
Q

What kinds of molecules can go through the cell membrane with simple diffusion?

A

Small, nonpolar molecules

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13
Q

What kinds of proteins are involved in facilitated diffusion?

A

Integral proteins

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14
Q

What do integral proteins do?

A

Transport things into the cell

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15
Q

What’s one example of an integral protein and its function?

A

Aquaporins transport H2O to the cell

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16
Q

Active transport

A

Molecules move from low to high concentrations using ATP

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17
Q

Does active transport require energy?

A

Yes

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18
Q

Endocytosis

A

Bringing larger molecules into the cell using a vesicle

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19
Q

Exocitosis

A

Removing large molecules using a vesicle

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20
Q

Phagocytosis

A

Cell eating, example of endocytosis

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21
Q

Pinocytosis

A

Cell drinking, example of endocytosis

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22
Q

Tonicity

A

Ability of water to move into solutions with a high concentration of solute

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23
Q

3 different environments a cell can be in

A

Isotonic, hypotonic, hypertonic

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24
Q

Isotonic

A

Equal amounts of solute and water in a solution

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25
Q

Movement in a isotonic solution

A

No net movement, but there is movement

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26
Q

Hypotonic

A

More water and less solute in solution

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27
Q

Movement in a hypotonic solution

A

Water will move into cell (think hippo, big, takes in water)

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28
Q

What can happen because of a hypotonic solution to plant cells?

A

Becomes turgid

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29
Q

Turgid

A

Cell membrane pushes against cell wall

30
Q

What can happen because of a hypotonic solution to animal cells?

A

Cells could lyse or burst

31
Q

Hypertonic

A

Less water, more solute in solution (hyper, crazy, wants more of the cool solute)

32
Q

Movement in a hypertonic solution

A

Out of cell

33
Q

What can happen because of a hypertonic solution to plant cells?

A

Plasmolysis

34
Q

Plasmolysis

A

Cell membrane shrinks because it’s losing water

35
Q

What happens because of a hypertonic solution to animal cells?

A

Crenation

36
Q

Crenation

A

Shriveling up of cell

37
Q

Explain how a paramecium osmoregualtes (5 steps)

A

1) Normal paramecium
2) Uses a contractile vacuole and ATP to pump in positive hydrogen ions
3) Lots of solute (H+) and less water in the paramecium creates a hypertonic solution
4) Due to the high solute concentration within the cell, water wants to get in
5) Water then fills the cell, wants to go from high to low outside the cell

38
Q

If the contractile vacuole is broken…

A

Water keeps coming in, so you can’t make a hypertonic solution and the cell will lyse/burst

39
Q

How do freshwater fish osmoregulate?

A
  • Freshwater is hypotonic (more water, less solute)
  • A lot of water is entering their bodies through osmosis, so they need salts to counteract this
  • Fish gills have active transport pumps to pump in sodium ions
40
Q

Freshwater fish urine

A

Diluted because they have so much water in their bodies that they need to get rid of and their bodies retain the solute. They pee a lot because they have a lot of water storage.

41
Q

How do saltwater fish osmoregulate?

A
  • Live in a hypertonic environment, more solute less water
  • Need to get rid of the salt from their bodies and hold on to the water needed for chemical reactions
  • Gills have active transport pumps to pump out the salts
  • They have concentrated urine because of the large amounts of solute and little water in their bodies
42
Q

Diuretic

A

Hormone that makes you urinate

43
Q

ADH antidiuretic

A

Hormone that makes you not urinate

44
Q

How does the ADH antidiuretic hormone work?

A

It tells the kidneys to make aquaporins, water transport proteins, to reabsorb the water

45
Q

If there was no ADH or if the aquaporin structure was broken/disfunctional, what would happen?

A

Humans can suffer from dehydration

46
Q

What is water potential?

A

A measure of how water moves in a solution

47
Q

How does water move in regard to water potential?

A

High water potential to low water potential

48
Q

What are the two variables that affect the osmosis and movement of water?

A

Pressure and solute concentration

49
Q

What is pressure potential?

A

Physical force

50
Q

How does water move in regard to pressure?

A

Moves in the direction of the pressure (if pressure is directed to the right, water is moving to the right)

51
Q

In an open container, pressure potential is:

A

0

52
Q

What is solute potential?

A

How much solute is in a solution

53
Q

How does solute affect water?

A

Water is attracted to solute

54
Q

What is the solute potential of pure or distilled water?

A

0

55
Q

When you add solute, what happens to the solute potential of a solution?

A

Solute potential decreases and you get negative values (less than 0)

56
Q

Water potential =

A

Pressure potential + solute potential

57
Q

What is the water potential sign called?

A

Psi

58
Q

There is less solute in the cell than in the surrounding solution. Will water move into or out of the cell? Why?

A

Water will move out of the cell because there is a high water potential in the cell and low water potential outside the cell. High -> low water potential

59
Q

Solute potential =

A

iCRT

60
Q

What does the i in the iCRT fo

A

Ionization constant

61
Q

i for NaCl

A

2

62
Q

i for sugars/sucrose

A

1

63
Q

Passive transport with regards to the concentration gradient

A

Down the concentration gradient

64
Q

Active transport with regards to the concentration gradient

A

Against the concentration gradient

65
Q

What’s an example of active transport?

A

The sodium potassium pump, where 3 Na+ ions go out and 2 K+ ions come into the cell

66
Q

Cell originally has a mass of 82 grams. After 10 minutes, it has a mass of 75 grams. What kind of solution is it?

A

Hypertonic because water is exiting the cell, and therefore mass is decreasing

67
Q

+ 15% Change

A

Hypotonic

68
Q
  • 15% Change
A

Hypertonic

69
Q

Organisms try to be…

A

Isotonic

70
Q

Greatest pressure potential =

A

Hypotonic

AP BIO (5 decks)

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