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PT 509 Physiology > Unit 2: Body Systems I Respiratory System > Flashcards

Unit 2: Body Systems I Respiratory System Flashcards

1
Q

What are the 4 steps of External Respiration?

A
  1. Ventilation or Gas exchange between he atmosphere and air sacs (Alveoli) in the lungs
  2. Exchange of O2 and CO2 between air in the alveoli and the blood in the pulmonary capillaries
  3. Transport of O2 and CO2 by the blood between the lungs and the tissue
  4. Exchange of O2 and CO2 between the blood in the systemic capillaries and the tissue cells.
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2
Q

List the structures inside of the lung starting from the largest to smallest.

A
  1. Bronchus (Left or Right)
  2. Bronchiole
  3. Terminal Bronchiole
  4. Alveolar Sac
  5. Alveolus
  6. Pores of Kohn
  7. Pulmonary Cappilaries
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3
Q

The terminal Bronchiole has a layer of ______________ wrapped around it.

A

Smooth muscle

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4
Q

The alveolar sacs are wrapped with a layer of ____________ fibers.

A

Elastic Fibers

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5
Q

These allow for expansion and retraction of the alveolar sacs

A

Elastic Fibers

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6
Q

List 3 characteristics of the Trachea and large Bronchi.

A
  1. Fairly Rigid
  2. Non muscular Tubes
  3. Rings of Cartilage
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7
Q

list the 3 features of the Bronchioles

A
  1. No Cartilage
  2. Walls contain smooth muscle innervated by autonomic nervous system
  3. Sensitive to certain hormones and local chemicals
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8
Q

These alveolar cells secrete Surfactant which decrease surface area and prevent the lungs from collapsing.

A

Type 2 Alveolar Cells

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9
Q

These alveolar cells are for structural support

A

Type 1 Alveolar cells

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10
Q

What are the 4 sections of the lungs?

A
  1. Thoracic Cavity
  2. Outer Chest wall
  3. Diaphragm
  4. Pleural Sac
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11
Q

This region of the lungs consists of highly branched airways, alveoli, pulmonary blood vessels, and large quantities of elastic connective tissue

A

Thoracic Cavity

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12
Q

This region of the lungs consists of 12 pairs of ribs which join the sternum anteriorly and thoracic vertebrae posteriorly.

A

Outer chest wall (thorax)

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13
Q

This region of the lungs is a dome-shaped sheet of skeletal muscle that separates the thoracic cavity from the abdominal cavity

A

Diaphragm

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14
Q

This is a double-walled, closed sac that separates each lung from the thoracic wall.

A

Pleural Sac

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15
Q

The left and right lung are wrapped inside of this structure ____________________.

A

Pleural Sac

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16
Q

The outerwall of the Plural sac is known as the ________________

A

Parietal Pleura

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17
Q

The inner wall of the pleural sac is the _________________

A

Visceral Pleura

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18
Q

In Between the parietal and visceral pleura is the ________________

A

Intrapleural fluid

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19
Q

What happens to the pleural sac when the lungs expand?

A

The plural sac expands as well.

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20
Q

At which week does surfactant production begin in the prenatal period

A

26-28 wks

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21
Q

What is the main concern if the baby has immature and/or damage type II Pneumocytes? (Alveolar cell)

A
  1. Low Levels of surfactant
  2. Lungs Collapse
  3. Hypoxia
  4. Pulmonary Vasoconstriction
  5. Alveolar lining cell damage
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22
Q

When do the lungs first inflate for the baby?

A

At birth

23
Q

Which 3 types of pressure are important for respiratory mechanics?

A
  1. Atmospheric pressure: 760mmHg
  2. Intra-alveolar pressure: 760mmHg
  3. Intrapleural pressure: 756mmHg
24
Q

What are the accessory muscles of Inspiration?

A
  1. Sternocleidomastoid

2. Scalenus

25
Q

What are the major muscles of Inspiration?

A

Diaphragm

External Intercostalws

26
Q

What are the muscles of active Expiration?

A

Internal Intercostal Muscles

Abdominal Muscles

27
Q

List the mechanics of inspiration that occur.

A
  1. Raise of rib cage
  2. Increased Vertical diameter
  3. Increased A-P Diameter
  4. Diaphragmatic Contraction
  5. Internal Intercostals relaxed
  6. External Intercostals contracted.
28
Q

What are the mechanics of Expiration?

A
  1. Depress the Rib Cage
  2. Relaxation of Inspiratory muscles
  3. Forced Expiration
29
Q

During Bronchoconstriction, what happens to the Radius of the Lungs and the resistance of airflow?

A

Radius Decreases

Resistance to Air flow Increases

30
Q

During Bronchodilation, what happens to the radius and resistance of airflow in the lungs?

A

Increased Radius

Decreased resistance to airflow

31
Q

Compliance of the lungs (How much effort/work is required to stretch/distend the lungs) depends on 2 factors which are…

A

Elastic Connective tissue

Alveolar Surface tension

32
Q

Elastic Recoil (How readily the lungs rebound after having been stretched) depends on 2 factors which are…

A

Elastic connective tissue

Alveolar Surface tension

33
Q

This helps to return the lungs to pre-inspiratory volume when inspiratory muscles are relaxed at the end of inspiration

A

Elastic Recoil

34
Q

What is the role of the respiratory system?

A

Gas Exchange

35
Q

What are the 2 functions of pulmonary Surfactant?

A

Decrease Surface tension

Contributes to lung stability

36
Q

What are the 2 benefits of having Pulmonary Surfactant?

A

Increases pulmonary compliance

Reduces lungs’ tendency to recoil

37
Q

What are the 4 volumes that make up the Total Lung Capacity?

A

Inspiratory Reserve volume
Tidal Volume
Expiratory Reserve Volume
Residual Volume

38
Q

What makes up ones inspiratory capacity?

A

Inspiratory Reserve Volume + Tidal Volume

39
Q

What makes up ones Vital Capacity?

A

Inspiratory Reserve Volume
Tidal Volume
Expiratory Reserve Volume

40
Q

What makes up ones Functional Residual Capacity?

A

Expiratory Reserve Volume

Residual Volume

41
Q

This is known as the total amount of air moved in/out of the respiratory system per minute.

What is the formula?

A

Minute Ventilation.

Tidal Volume X Respiratory Rate

TV x RR = Breaths/Minute

42
Q

What part of the respiratory system does gas exchange not take place?

A

Anatomic Dead space

43
Q

This is the amount of air that enters the parts of the respiratory system in which gas exchange takes place/min.

A

Alveolar Ventilation.

44
Q

What is the formula for finding the partial pressure in a container?

A

Total Pressure x Fractional Composition Gas in Mixture

45
Q

Most oxygen in the blood is transported bound to _________________

A

Hemoglobin

46
Q

What are the 2 respiratory control centers in the brain stem?

A

Pons Respiratory Centers

Medullary Respiratory Center

47
Q

This lung disease is labeled as the destruction of alveolar walls, lung fibrosis, and the trapping of air.

A

Emphysema

48
Q

This lung disease consists of bronchial edema, chronic productive cough, and bronchospasm.

A

Chronic Bronchitis

49
Q

What is the 5 step pathogenesis for COPD?

A
  1. Less air flow in and out of the airways
  2. Decreased Elasticity
  3. Air sac walls destroyed
  4. Walls Thick and Inflamed
  5. Increased Mucus
50
Q

What is the classification for having Bronchitis?

A

Clinical diagnosis of daily productive cough for

3 months or more in at least 2 consecutive years

51
Q

What is the classification for Emphysema?

A

Pathological diagnosis, permanent enlargement and destruction of air spaces distal to the terminal bronchiole

52
Q

List the % lung function for the different stages of COPD

Stage 1: Mild COPD
Stage 2: Moderate COPD
Stage 3: Severe COPD
Stage 4: Very Severe COPD

A

S1: 80%
S2: 50-80%
S3: 30-50%
S4: >30%

53
Q

Someone with COPD would have a longer Inspiratory or Expiratory time?

A

Expiratory time

54
Q

What are the 6 COPD treatments from least severe treatment to most.

A
  1. Self-Management education & Smoking Cessation
  2. Bronchodilators
  3. Inhaled Corticosteroids
  4. Pulmonary Rehabilitation
  5. Oxygen
  6. Surgery

PT 509 Physiology (7 decks)

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