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PT 509 Physiology > Lecture 10: Reproductive System > Flashcards

Lecture 10: Reproductive System Flashcards

1
Q

This component of the male reproductive system produces sperm and secretes testosterone

A

Testis

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2
Q

These serve as the sperm’s exit route from the testis and serve as the site for maturation of the sperm for motility and fertility.
They also concentrate and store the sperm

A

Epididymis and Ductus Deferens

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3
Q

These supply the fructose to nourish the ejaculated sperm and secrete prostaglandins that stimulate motility to help transport the sperm within the male and female.

A

Seminal Vesicle

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4
Q

This provides the bulk of the semen and precursors for the clotting of semen

A

Seminal Vesicle

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5
Q

This is a single structure in the male reproductive system that is completely surrounded by the urethra at the neck of the bladder

A

Prostate Gland

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6
Q

This structure secretes an alkaline fluid that neutralizes the acidic and vaginal secretions

A

Prostate GLand

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7
Q

This structure triggers clotting of the semen to keep the sperm in the vagina during penis withdrawl

A

Prostate Gland

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8
Q

These structures both empty into the urethra, one on each side, just before the urethra enters the penis

A

Bulbourethral Gland

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9
Q

This structure secretes mucus for lubrication

A

Bulbourethral Gland

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10
Q

What is the process of spermatogenesis starting from a primordial Germ cell

A

Primordial Germ Cell

  • Spermatogonia
  • -Spermatogonia proliferate by mitotic cell division
  • –Primary Spermatocyte
  • —Secondary Spermatocyte
  • —-Spermatids
  • —–Mature Sperm
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11
Q

The process of Primary Spermatocytes converting to 2 Secondary Spermatocytes happens via…

A

Meiotic Division I

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12
Q

The process of 2 Secondary Spermatocytes converting to 4 Spermatids happens via…

A

Meiotic Division II

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13
Q

Spermatids converting to Mature sperm happen via…

A

Differentiation

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14
Q

What are the Sertoli Cells?

A

Sperm

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15
Q

The Leydig cells are known as …

A

Testosterone

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16
Q

In females, Mitotic proliferation of germ cells occurs prior to ___________

A

Birth

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17
Q

In males, Spermatogonia proliferate only after ________

A

Puberty

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18
Q

In females, Meiotic divisions of oocyte produces what?

A

One Mature Ovum

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19
Q

In males, Meiotic divisions of primary spermatocyte produces ___________

A

4 Mature Spermatozoa

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20
Q

In females, second Meiotic division is completed only upon _______________

A

Fertilization

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21
Q

In males, the products of meiosis undergo substantial ____________ in the maturing process

A

Differentiation

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22
Q 
This structure of the male reproductive system has 
Fructose 
Citric acid 
Nutrients
Prostaglandins
Fibrinogen
A

Seminal Vesicles

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23
Q 
This structure of the male reproductive system has 
Calcium
Citrate Ion
Clotting Enzymes
Alkaline Fluid
A

Prostate Gland

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24
Q

What is the role of prostaglandins?

A

Stimulates motility to help transport the sperm within the male and female

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25
Q

What is the role of Alkaline in the prostate gland?

A

Neutralize the acidic vaginal secretions

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26
Q

What is the range of onset for Puberty?

A

9-14 years

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27
Q

What is the first sign of puberty?

A

Enlargement of Testes

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28
Q

This is the driving force for secondary sex characteristics in puberty.

A

Androgens from Testes

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29
Q

This contains fluids and sperm from vas deferens, seminal vesicles, prostate, and bulbourethral gland

A

Semen

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30
Q

What is the composition of semen?

A

Vas Deferens (10%)
Seminal Vesicles (60%)
Prostate (30%)
Bulbourethral Gland

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31
Q

What is the pH of semen?

A

7.5 Final

32
Q

How much semen is ejaculated for an average male?

A

2-6mL

20-200 million Sperm

33
Q

For someone to be classified as infertile, what is the cutoff for their sperm count?

A
34
Q

What is the maximal lifespan of semen?

A

24-48 Hours @ Body Temperatures

35
Q

When fertilizing sperm, the sperm starts by penetrating which structure?

A

Corona Radiata: aka Follicular Cells

36
Q

After penetrating the corona radiata, the fertilizing sperm binds to what?

A

ZP3 receptors on the Zona Pellucida

37
Q

The binding of the fertilizing sperm to the Zona Pellucida triggers what reaction?

A

Acrosome Reaction

-Hydrolytic enzymes in the Acrosome are released onto the zona pelludida

38
Q

What is the function of the Acrosomal enzymes?

A

Digest the zona pellucida, creating a pathway to the plasma membrane to the ovum.

39
Q

What happens when the sperm reaches the ovum?

A

The plasma membranes of the two cells fuse.

40
Q

What happens after the plasma membrane of the two cells fuse?

A

The sperms nucleus enters the ovum cytoplasm

41
Q

Once the nucleus enters the ovum’s cytoplasm, the sperm stimulates release of ______ stored in cortical granuals in the ovum.

A

Ca++

42
Q

When released, what does the stored calcium in the cortical granules in the ovum do?

A

Inactivates ZP3 receptors, leading tot he block of polyspermy.

43
Q

During fetal development, when does testosterone make its first appearance?

A

2nd month in Utero.

44
Q

What happens with and without the presence of Testosterone in the 2nd moth of utero?

A

+ Testosterone = Penis, Scrotum

  • Testosterone = Clitoris, Vagina
45
Q

What structures develop after the development of testosterone?

A

Development of

Prostate

Seminal Vesicles

Vas Defense

46
Q

These come in a pair, located in the scrotum, and is described as a skin-covered sac suspended within the angle between the legs

A

Testis

47
Q

Which ducts differentiate into the male reproductive tract?

A

Wolffian Ducts

48
Q

Which ducts differentiate into female reproductive tracts?

A

Mullerian Ducts

49
Q

What are the primary characteristics of puberty?

A
  • Body hair distribution Increases
  • Hypertrophy of laryngeal mucosa and larynx
  • Skin Thickens and sebaceous glands and oil production increases
  • Muscle Development
50
Q

What are the secondary characteristics of testosterone?

A
  • Increase bone growth and calcium retention
  • Increased Red Blood Cells
  • Increase Basal Metabolic Rate
  • Stimulate Sodium and Water reabsorption in kidney
51
Q

What are the functions of DHT?

A

Fetal Development of…

  • Penis
  • Penile
  • Urethra
  • Scrotum
  • Prostate

Pubertal Growth of …

  • Scrotum
  • Prostate
  • Sexual Hair
  • Sebaceous Glands

Prostatic Secretion

52
Q

What is the affect of age on testis?

A

Decrease size

53
Q

The thickening of the seminiferous tubules impedes what?

A

Sperm production

54
Q

An enlarged prostate gland may affect ones __________

A

Urine Outflow

55
Q

What are the affects of androgen deficiency?

A

Protein synthesis

Bone Growth

CV Function

56
Q

What are the affects of Decreased testosterone during old age?

A
  • Memory changes
  • Decreased Sexual Interest
  • Decreased Strength
  • Decreased Body Mass
  • Decreased Bone Density
  • Andropause
57
Q

What controls the female sexual cycle: (menstrual cycle)

A

Gonadotropins

Gonadal Hormones

58
Q

What is the ovarian cycle? (3 phases)

A
  1. Follicular Phase (15d)
  2. Ovulatory Phase (1-3d)
  3. Luteal Phase (13d)
59
Q

What is the Endometrial cycle?

A

Menstruation

Proliferative

Secretory Phase

60
Q

This phase of the female sexual cycle promotes follicular growth

A

Follicular Phase

61
Q

How many follicles develop during the follicular phase?

A

6-12

62
Q

What happens to the 6-12 follicles in the ovarian cycle?

A

1 dominant follicle matures

63
Q

Once ovulation ends ___________ ends and _________ in the fallopian tubes starts

A

1st Meiosis Ends

2nd Meiosis Starts

64
Q

Lutenization is dependent upon what hormone?

A

Lutenizing Hormone

65
Q

This structure provides necessary hormones (E + P) for implantation of blastocyst and maintenance of zygote until placenta can take over.

A

Corpus Luteum

66
Q

If the Ovum is not fertilized during the luteal phase, it will regress in about how many ays?

A

14 days

67
Q

How often does Gonadotropic hormone cause 6-12 follicles to grow in the ovaries?

A

Every 28 Days

68
Q

Of the 6-12 new follicles, 1 becomes mature and ovulates on which day?

A

Day 14

69
Q

After ovulation, what forms and secretes E and P?

A

Corpus luteum

70
Q

After 2 weeks, CL degenerates, E and P decrease, and what begins?

A

Menstruation

71
Q

What is the function of Estradiol (Estrogens) during pubertal growth?

A

Ovaries, Uterus, vagina, and breast

72
Q

What affect does Estradiol have on Fat Deposition?

A

More Subcutaneous fat in women than men, thigh fat deposition (prior to menopause)

73
Q

What affect does Estradiol have on skin?

A

Increase Vascularization of skin

74
Q

What affect does estradiol have on bones?

A

Estrogen/Estradiol inhibits osteoclastic activity, so height increases after puberty

75
Q

What affect does estradiol have on progesterone?

A

Secretory changes in uterus, and breast development

76
Q

During what phase of the endometrial cycle is endometrial thickness the greatest?

A

Secretory phase (Progesterone CL)

PT 509 Physiology (7 decks)

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