Lecture 10: Reproductive System Flashcards by Matthew Shihab

This component of the male reproductive system produces sperm and secretes testosterone

Testis

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These serve as the sperm’s exit route from the testis and serve as the site for maturation of the sperm for motility and fertility.
They also concentrate and store the sperm

Epididymis and Ductus Deferens

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These supply the fructose to nourish the ejaculated sperm and secrete prostaglandins that stimulate motility to help transport the sperm within the male and female.

Seminal Vesicle

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This provides the bulk of the semen and precursors for the clotting of semen

Seminal Vesicle

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This is a single structure in the male reproductive system that is completely surrounded by the urethra at the neck of the bladder

Prostate Gland

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This structure secretes an alkaline fluid that neutralizes the acidic and vaginal secretions

Prostate GLand

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This structure triggers clotting of the semen to keep the sperm in the vagina during penis withdrawl

Prostate Gland

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These structures both empty into the urethra, one on each side, just before the urethra enters the penis

Bulbourethral Gland

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This structure secretes mucus for lubrication

Bulbourethral Gland

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What is the process of spermatogenesis starting from a primordial Germ cell

Primordial Germ Cell

Spermatogonia
-Spermatogonia proliferate by mitotic cell division
–Primary Spermatocyte
—Secondary Spermatocyte
—-Spermatids
—–Mature Sperm

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The process of Primary Spermatocytes converting to 2 Secondary Spermatocytes happens via…

Meiotic Division I

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The process of 2 Secondary Spermatocytes converting to 4 Spermatids happens via…

Meiotic Division II

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Spermatids converting to Mature sperm happen via…

Differentiation

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What are the Sertoli Cells?

Sperm

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The Leydig cells are known as …

Testosterone

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In females, Mitotic proliferation of germ cells occurs prior to ___________

Birth

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In males, Spermatogonia proliferate only after ________

Puberty

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In females, Meiotic divisions of oocyte produces what?

One Mature Ovum

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In males, Meiotic divisions of primary spermatocyte produces ___________

4 Mature Spermatozoa

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In females, second Meiotic division is completed only upon _______________

Fertilization

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In males, the products of meiosis undergo substantial ____________ in the maturing process

Differentiation

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This structure of the male reproductive system has 
Fructose 
Citric acid 
Nutrients
Prostaglandins
Fibrinogen

Seminal Vesicles

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This structure of the male reproductive system has 
Calcium
Citrate Ion
Clotting Enzymes
Alkaline Fluid

Prostate Gland

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What is the role of prostaglandins?

Stimulates motility to help transport the sperm within the male and female

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What is the role of Alkaline in the prostate gland?

Neutralize the acidic vaginal secretions

What is the range of onset for Puberty?

9-14 years

What is the first sign of puberty?

Enlargement of Testes

This is the driving force for secondary sex characteristics in puberty.

Androgens from Testes

This contains fluids and sperm from vas deferens, seminal vesicles, prostate, and bulbourethral gland

Semen

What is the composition of semen?

Vas Deferens (10%) Seminal Vesicles (60%) Prostate (30%) Bulbourethral Gland

What is the pH of semen?

7.5 Final

How much semen is ejaculated for an average male?

2-6mL 20-200 million Sperm

For someone to be classified as infertile, what is the cutoff for their sperm count?

What is the maximal lifespan of semen?

24-48 Hours @ Body Temperatures

When fertilizing sperm, the sperm starts by penetrating which structure?

Corona Radiata: aka Follicular Cells

After penetrating the corona radiata, the fertilizing sperm binds to what?

ZP3 receptors on the Zona Pellucida

The binding of the fertilizing sperm to the Zona Pellucida triggers what reaction?

Acrosome Reaction -Hydrolytic enzymes in the Acrosome are released onto the zona pelludida

What is the function of the Acrosomal enzymes?

Digest the zona pellucida, creating a pathway to the plasma membrane to the ovum.

What happens when the sperm reaches the ovum?

The plasma membranes of the two cells fuse.

What happens after the plasma membrane of the two cells fuse?

The sperms nucleus enters the ovum cytoplasm

Once the nucleus enters the ovum's cytoplasm, the sperm stimulates release of ______ stored in cortical granuals in the ovum.

Ca++

When released, what does the stored calcium in the cortical granules in the ovum do?

Inactivates ZP3 receptors, leading tot he block of polyspermy.

During fetal development, when does testosterone make its first appearance?

2nd month in Utero.

What happens with and without the presence of Testosterone in the 2nd moth of utero?

+ Testosterone = Penis, Scrotum - Testosterone = Clitoris, Vagina

What structures develop after the development of testosterone?

Development of Prostate Seminal Vesicles Vas Defense

These come in a pair, located in the scrotum, and is described as a skin-covered sac suspended within the angle between the legs

Testis

Which ducts differentiate into the male reproductive tract?

Wolffian Ducts

Which ducts differentiate into female reproductive tracts?

Mullerian Ducts

What are the primary characteristics of puberty?

- Body hair distribution Increases - Hypertrophy of laryngeal mucosa and larynx - Skin Thickens and sebaceous glands and oil production increases - Muscle Development

What are the secondary characteristics of testosterone?

- Increase bone growth and calcium retention - Increased Red Blood Cells - Increase Basal Metabolic Rate - Stimulate Sodium and Water reabsorption in kidney

What are the functions of DHT?

Fetal Development of... - Penis - Penile - Urethra - Scrotum - Prostate Pubertal Growth of ... - Scrotum - Prostate - Sexual Hair - Sebaceous Glands Prostatic Secretion

What is the affect of age on testis?

Decrease size

The thickening of the seminiferous tubules impedes what?

Sperm production

An enlarged prostate gland may affect ones __________

Urine Outflow

What are the affects of androgen deficiency?

Protein synthesis Bone Growth CV Function

What are the affects of Decreased testosterone during old age?

- Memory changes - Decreased Sexual Interest - Decreased Strength - Decreased Body Mass - Decreased Bone Density - Andropause

What controls the female sexual cycle: (menstrual cycle)

Gonadotropins Gonadal Hormones

What is the ovarian cycle? (3 phases)

1. Follicular Phase (15d) 2. Ovulatory Phase (1-3d) 3. Luteal Phase (13d)

What is the Endometrial cycle?

Menstruation Proliferative Secretory Phase

This phase of the female sexual cycle promotes follicular growth

Follicular Phase

How many follicles develop during the follicular phase?

6-12

What happens to the 6-12 follicles in the ovarian cycle?

1 dominant follicle matures

Once ovulation ends ___________ ends and _________ in the fallopian tubes starts

1st Meiosis Ends 2nd Meiosis Starts

Lutenization is dependent upon what hormone?

Lutenizing Hormone

This structure provides necessary hormones (E + P) for implantation of blastocyst and maintenance of zygote until placenta can take over.

Corpus Luteum

If the Ovum is not fertilized during the luteal phase, it will regress in about how many ays?

14 days

How often does Gonadotropic hormone cause 6-12 follicles to grow in the ovaries?

Every 28 Days

Of the 6-12 new follicles, 1 becomes mature and ovulates on which day?

Day 14

After ovulation, what forms and secretes E and P?

Corpus luteum

After 2 weeks, CL degenerates, E and P decrease, and what begins?

Menstruation

What is the function of Estradiol (Estrogens) during pubertal growth?

Ovaries, Uterus, vagina, and breast

What affect does Estradiol have on Fat Deposition?

More Subcutaneous fat in women than men, thigh fat deposition (prior to menopause)

What affect does Estradiol have on skin?

Increase Vascularization of skin

What affect does estradiol have on bones?

Estrogen/Estradiol inhibits osteoclastic activity, so height increases after puberty

What affect does estradiol have on progesterone?

Secretory changes in uterus, and breast development

During what phase of the endometrial cycle is endometrial thickness the greatest?

Secretory phase (Progesterone CL)