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PT 509 Physiology > Unit 2: Body Systems I Cardiovascular > Flashcards

Unit 2: Body Systems I Cardiovascular Flashcards

1
Q

When does the heart begin to develop during the prenatal period?

A

20-50 days

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2
Q

What structure of the heart is open during the prenatal stages and closes when the baby is born?
Note: In some cases this passage does not close causing complications.

A

Patent Foramen Ovule

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3
Q

For Excitation-Contraction Coupling, the action potential propagates along the plasma membrane and down the _______________

A

Transverse Tubules (T-Tubule)

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4
Q

The depolarization produced by the action potential opens ______ channels in the membranes of the _________________.

A

Ca++

Sarcoplasmic reticulum

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5
Q

After Ca++ has entered the muscle, it attaches to _________ in the myofibril, initiating muscle contraction

A

Troponin

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6
Q

Ca++ is pumped back into the sarcoplasmic reticulum by _______________________

A

ATP dependent ion pumps.

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7
Q

Define

Systole?

Diastole?

A

Systole: Contraction/Emptying

Diastole: Relaxation/filling

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8
Q

List the phases of the cardiac cycle.

A

1: Atrial Systole Begins
2. Atrial Systole Ends and Diastole Begins
3. Ventricular systole 1st phase
4. Ventricular systole 2nd phase
5. Ventricular diastole early
6. Ventricular diastole late

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9
Q

During the phases of the cardiac cycle, this phase is defined by atrial contraction that forces a small amount of additional blood into the relaxed ventricles

A

Arterial Systole Begins.

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10
Q

This phase is when ventricular contraction pushes AV valves closed, but does not create enough pressure to open the semilunar valves.

A

Ventricular Systole: 1st Phase

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11
Q

This phase is where the ventricular pressure rises and exceeds pressure in the arteries. The semilunar valves open and blood is ejected.

A

Ventricular Systole: 2nd Phase

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12
Q

This is when the ventricles relax, and pressure inside the ventricles drops. Blood flows back against cusps of semilunar valves and forces them closed. And blood flows into the relaxed Atria.

A

Ventricular Diastole: Early

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13
Q

This is when all the chambers are relaxed and the ventricles fill passively.

A

Ventricular Diastole: Late

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14
Q

What is the formula for Cardiac output?

A

Heart Rate * Stroke Volume

5L/min

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15
Q

The papillary muscle, attached to the __________________ contract during systole and help prevent back-flow.

A

Chordae Tendinae

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16
Q

What 2 valves in the heart prevent back-flow?

A

Tricuspid and Bicuspid/Mitral

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17
Q

The ______ wave immediately precedes the atrial contraction

A

P-Wave

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18
Q

This EKG response is immediately precedes ventricular contraction

A

QRS-Complex

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19
Q

The ventricles remain contracted until a few milliseconds after the end of the __________

A

T-Wave (Repolarization)

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20
Q

The _________ & _________ transport blood to tissues under high pressure of 100mmHg

A

Aorta/ Arteries

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21
Q

This is the controls site for blood flow and is the major resistance site of circulation.

A

Arterioles

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22
Q

This is a major site for water and solute exchange between blood and tissues

A

Capillaries

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23
Q

This returns blood to the heart under low pressure and serves as a reservoir of blood

A

Veins, Venules, and Venous sinuses
Inferior Vena Cava
Superior Vena Cava

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24
Q

The site of oxygen and carbon dioxide exchange in the blood.

A

Pulmonary Circulation.

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25
Q

The sound one hears during a blood pressure test is known as ____________________

A

Korotkoff Sounds

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26
Q

This refers to the plaque build up in the vessels.

A

Atherosclerosis

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27
Q

This is referring tot he hardening of the walls in teh vessels.

A

Arteriosclerosis

28
Q

__________________ is the growth of new blood vessels.

A

Angiogenesis

29
Q

Angiogenesis occurs in response to angiogenic factors released from …
1.
2.
3.

A
  1. Ischemic Tissue
  2. Rapidly Growing Tissue
  3. Tissue with high metabolic rates
30
Q

What are the 2 angiogenic factors

A

Vascular Endothelial Cell Growth Factors (VEGF)

Fibroblast Growth Factor (IGF)

31
Q

What are the 4 needs of all tissue in the body?

A

1: Delivery of Oxygen to tissues
2: Delivery of Nutrients, such as glucose, amino acids, etc.
3: Removal of CO2, H+, and other metabolites from the tissue
4: Transport various Hormones and other substances to different tissues

32
Q

List the 5 common vasoconstrictors found in the human body

A 
Norepinephrine
Epinephrine
Angiotensin
Vasopressin
Endothelin
33
Q

List the 5 Vasodilator agents that can be found in the human body

A 
Bradykinin
Serotonin
Histamine
Prostaglandins
Nitric Oxide
34
Q

At what period during the developmental physiology does the baby link to the placenta?

A

14-15 days

35
Q

The sympathetic nervous system is important in control of ___________ in the body.

A

Circulation

36
Q

The ______________ nervous system is important in regulation Heart function via the Vagal Nerve.

A

Parasympathetic

37
Q

These are important in Short Term Regulation of Arterial Pressure.

A

Arterial Baroreceptor Reflex

38
Q

For Arterial baroreceptor Reflex, the reflex is initiated by stretch receptors called _____________ located in the walls of the large systemic Arteries.

A

Baroreceptors

39
Q

A rise in blood pressure stretches the baroreceptors and causes them to transmit signals to the _______________

A

Vasomotor center VMC

40
Q

In the arterial baroreceptor reflex, the feedback signals are sent via the autonomic nervous system to the circulation to reduce blood pressure back to normal. This is an example of what type of feedback mechanism?

A

Negative Feedback

41
Q

Baroreceptors are located in the walls of the _______________ and _______________

A

Carotid Sinus

Aortic Arch

42
Q

What activates the Baroreceptors in the body?

A

Increase in Blood pressure

43
Q

(Blank) plays a dominant role in the long term pressure control for arterial pressure.

A

Renal Body Fluid

44
Q

As extracellular fluid volume increases, what happens to the arterial pressure?

A

It increases

45
Q

The increase in arterial pressure causes the kidneys to lose ________and ___________, which returns extracellular fluid volume back to normal.

A

Na+ and Water

46
Q

The result of increased sodium intake increases sodium concentration in the body, which stimulates thirst and __________ secretion.

A

ADH secretion

47
Q

Changes in Na Intake does what to the Extracellular fluid volume?

A

Increase Extracellular fluid volume (ECFV)

48
Q

ECFV is determined by the balance of _________ intake and output

A

Sodium Na+

49
Q

Increasing ECFV has what effect on blood pressure?

A

Increase Blood volume

50
Q

Increased blood volume does what to cardiac output?

A

Increased Cardiac Output.

51
Q

__________________ is important in maintaining Normal BP during changes in Sodium intake.

A

Renin Angiotensin system

52
Q

As Sodium intake is increased, what happens to Renin levels?

A

They fall to near 0.

53
Q

As Na intake is decreased, what happens to renin levels?

A

Renin levels increase significantly.

54
Q

Name the stage for the blood pressure readings

120/80

121-139/81-89

140-159/90-99

160/100

A

Normal

Prehypertension

Stage 1 hypertension

Stage 2 hypertension

55
Q

What % of hypertension cases are primary/essential hypertension?

A

90%

56
Q

This disease is termed by the heart being unable to pump sufficient blood to supply the body’s needs.

A

Congestive Heart Failure

57
Q

For congestive Heart failure, what are the distinct types for Left sided issues? (5)

A
  1. Left ventricle cannot maintain normal Cardiac Output
  2. Ischemic Heart Disease
  3. Hypertension
  4. Aortic and Mitral valvular disease
  5. Myocardial Disease
58
Q

For congestive heart disease, what are the right sided failures? (2)

A
  1. Right Ventricle failure due to Left Ventricle failure

2. Pulmonary HTN

59
Q

What are the 4 cellular changes for Congestive Heart Failure?

A
  1. changes in Ca++ handling
  2. changes in contractile proteins
  3. Apoptosis
  4. Increased fibrous tissue
60
Q

What are the 2 consequences if the Left ventricle of the heart Fails?

A
  1. Decreased Cardiac Output

2. Pulmonary Congestion

61
Q

What is the consequence to Right heart failure?

A

Congestion of peripheral tissues

62
Q

Impaired gas exchange and pulmonary edema are results of heart failure on which side?

A

Left heart failure

63
Q

Liver congestion and GI tract congestion are a result of heart failures from which side?

A

Right heart failure

64
Q

How does the appearance of muscle look for a heart that has undergone Congestive Heart Failure?

A

Increased muscular size.

65
Q

When the left ventricle weakens and cannot empty, what is the result?

A
  1. Decreased Cardiac Output to the system
  2. Decreased Renal blood flow simulates renin-angiotensin and aldosterone secretion
  3. Backup of blood into pulmonary vein
  4. High pressure in pulmonary capillaries lead to pulmonary congestion or edema
66
Q

What are the symptoms of Congestive Heart Failure?

A 
Dyspnea
Pulmonary Edema
Breathlessness
Anxiety
Confusion
Irritability
Sleep Disturbances
Impaired Memory
67
Q

What are the treatments for CHF?

A

Surgery
Diet, Exercise
Pharmacotherapy

PT 509 Physiology (7 decks)

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