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PT 509 Physiology > Unit 1: Cell Physiology Homeostasis > Flashcards

Unit 1: Cell Physiology Homeostasis Flashcards

1
Q

This term is defined by the maintenance of nearly constant conditions in an internal environment.

A

Homeostasis

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2
Q

This type of feedback promotes counteraction of an effect.

Examples include body temperature when it drops too high or low and the body responds by shivering or sweating.

A

Negative Feedback

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3
Q

This control system of the body anticipates changes that may occur

A

Feed-Forward mechanism

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4
Q

This control system of the body promotes an amplification of an effect

Examples include Thyroid stimulating hormone, follicle stimulating hormone, Oxytocin…

A

Positive Feedback

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5
Q

List the basic organization of a cell starting from the inner most section.

A
  1. Nucleolus
  2. Nucleoplasm
  3. Nucleus
  4. Nuclear Membrane
  5. Cytoplasm
  6. Cell Membrane
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6
Q

This organelle inside the cell is a lipid bi-layer that contains a hydrophobic and hydrophilic head as well as integral and peripheral proteins

A

Cell Membrane (Fluid Mosaic Model)

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7
Q

This type of protein along the cell membrane penetrates completely through the membrane to allow for transport of material in and out of the cell

A

Integral Protein

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8
Q

This type of protein along the cell membrane allows is found along outside of the cell membrane typically attached to the integral protein

A

Peripheral Protein

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9
Q

This organelle of the Cell contains ribosomes.

A

The Endoplasmic Reticulum

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10
Q

The __________ found in the Endoplasmic reticulum synthesize proteins

A

Ribosomes

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11
Q

The Rough ER is known to perform 2 major functions.

They are…

A
  1. Protein Formation

2. Protein Transport

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12
Q

The granular section of the endoplasmic reticulum is the site where ___________ takes place.

A

Protein Formation

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13
Q

List the major organelles in a cell that deal that correlate to the initial start of protein formation, to its excretion.

A
  1. Nucleus
  2. Rough ER
  3. Smooth ER
  4. Golgi Apparatus
  5. Lysosomes
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14
Q

This site of the cell is responsible for lipid synthesis and protein transport

A

Smooth ER

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15
Q

Once proteins and lipids are synthesized within the cell, where do they go next?

A

Golgi Apparatus

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16
Q

What are the functions of the Golgi Apparatus?

A
  1. Receives transport vesicles from the Smooth ER
  2. Substances found in the ER are “processed)
  3. Substances are concentrated, sorted, and packaged for secretion
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17
Q

These are vesicular organelles formed from the Golgi that are responsible for cell digestion.

A

Lysosomes

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18
Q

This structure within the cell is responsible for breaking down substances by oxidizing them. These substances may be poisonous to the cell, such as alcohol.

A

Peroxisomes

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19
Q

This organelle inside the cell is responsible for extracting energy from nutrients.

A

Mitochondria

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20
Q

The mitochondria has how many membranes

A

2 membranes, Inner and outer.

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21
Q

Along the matrix inside the mitochondria, one can find __________________ enzymes that aid in the energy production process.

A

Oxidative Phosphorylation Enzymes

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22
Q

This section of the cell is known as the Control Center.

A

Nucleus

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23
Q

DNA material known as ______________ can be found in which section of the nucleus>

A

Chromatin…

Found in the Nucleoplasm

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24
Q

ATP production. The following are broken down into building blocks known as…
Complete the Diagram

  • Carbohydrates ==> __________________
  • Protein ==> __________________
  • Fats ==> _________________
A

Carbs ==> Glucose
Protein ==> Amino Acids
Fats ==> Fatty Acids

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25
Q

A maximum of ____ molecules of ATP are formed per molecule of glucose degraded. (This value varies from textbook to textbook. the key word here is Maximum).

A

38 Molecules of ATP

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26
Q

Once Carbs, Proteins, and/or Lipids are broken down into their building blocks, they can each be processed into _________________ for further energy production.

A

AcetylCoA

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27
Q

Acetyl CoA reacts with _______ to produce ATP

A

O2

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28
Q

What are the 3 uses of ATP for cellular function?

A
  1. Membrane Transport
  2. Synthesis of Chemical compounds
  3. Mechanical work
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29
Q

What are the 3 types of Cytoskeletal filaments?

A
  1. Actin Filament
  2. Microtubule
  3. Intermediate Filament
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30
Q

For the 3 cytoskeletal filaments, List them in order from smallest to largest.

A

Actin Filament 7nm
Intermediate Filament 10nm
Microtubule 25nm

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31
Q

List the structures found in the cytoskeleton.

A 
Plasma Membrane
Endoplasmic Reticulum 
Ribosomes
Microfilaments and Intermediate Filaments
Microtubules
Mitochondrion
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32
Q

What is the function of the cytoskeleton?

A

Maintain the structure of a cell

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33
Q

This disease is known as the progressive degeneration and death of motor neurons.

Additionally leading to the gradual loss of control of skeletal muscles.

A

Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS)

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34
Q

These perform most of the work in cells and are required for structure, function, regulation of tissues and organs.

A

Proteins

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35
Q

Proteins are made up of __________________ and there are ____ different types.

A

Amino Acids

20

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36
Q

What are the 5/6 functions of Proteins?

A 
Antibodies ---IgG
Enzymes ---ATPase
Messengers ---Growth Hormone
Structure ---Actin
Transport/Storage ---Ferritn
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37
Q

Fill in the missing information

  1. Gene (DNA) ==> RNA formation Via __________________

2. RNA formation ==> Protein Formation ____________

A
  1. Transcription

2. Translation

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38
Q

The binding of _____________________ interferes with the ability of the RNA polymerase to bind to the promotor

A

Repressor Proteins

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39
Q

Negative regulation of Transcription is initiated by sequences called “__________________” Which bind repressor proteins.

A

Repressor Operators

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40
Q

For positive regulation of Transcription, these so-called ____________________ bind activator proteins

A

Activator Operators

41
Q

Binding of _____________________ facilitates the association of the RNA polymerase with the promoter.

A

Activator proteins

42
Q

What 3 things determine the rate of cell growth?

A

Growth fActors
Contact Inhibition
Cellular Secretion (Negative Feedback)

43
Q

Rapid cell growth typically occurs in these 3 locations.

Slow/Never cell growth happens in these 3 locations.

A

Rapid: Bone Marrow, Skin, Intestinal Epithelia

Slow: Smooth Muscle, Neurons, Striated Muscles

44
Q

Cystic Fibrosis is considered a to be what kind of genetic disorder?

A

Single Gene Disorder

45
Q

Down syndrome is considered to be what kind of genetic disorder?

A

Chromosomal Abnormalities

46
Q

Colon Cancer is considered to be what kind of genetic disorder?

A

Colon Cancer

47
Q

What are the 2 types of membrane proteins responsible for transport of material in and out of the cell?

A

Ion Channels

Carrier Proteins

48
Q

ion channels are considered _____________ proteins along the cell membrane

Carrier proteins are considered _______________ proteins along the cell membrane

A

Integral Proteins: Goes all the way through

Peripheral Protein: Shift from top to bottom.

49
Q

This type of transport occurs DOWN a concentration gradient. Requires no mediator or involves a channel or carrier. Additionally, no energy is required for this type of transport.

A

Diffusion

50
Q

This type of transport occurs against a concentration gradient and involves a “carrier”. Energy is required for this transport to occur.

A

Active Transport

51
Q

For simple diffusion, material can move through the cell membrane via what 3 pathways?

A
  1. Through the cell membrane directly
  2. Through a channel protein
  3. Facilitated diffusion
52
Q

Active transport can only occur via what type of pathway?

A

Through a Carrier Protein with the addition of ATP present

53
Q

Facilitated diffusion is also known as …

A

Carrier-Mediated Diffusion

54
Q

Explain the process of facilitated diffusion.

A
  1. Transported molecule binds to the binding site on the carrier protein
  2. Conformational change of the protein occurs.
  3. Transported molecule is released from the binding site to the other side of the cell.

No energy Required.
Initiated by the binding of the molecule to the binding site of the carrier protein.

55
Q

What are some factors that affect the Net Rate of diffusion?

A
  1. Greater concentration on one side of the cell
  2. Pressure Imbalance
  3. Temperature imbalance
  4. Volume changes
56
Q

Known as the net diffusion of water.

A

Osmosis

57
Q

________________ occurs from pure water toward a water/salt solution. Water moves down its concentration gradient.

A

Osmosis.

58
Q

This type of transport involves molecules being pumped AGAINST a concentration gradient at the expense of energy (ATP)

A

Primary Active Transport

59
Q

This type of transport is driven by the energy stored in the concentration gradient via another molecule, such as Na+

A

Secondary Active Transport.

Indirect use of energy

60
Q

carrier proteins can be located on the _______________ of all cells.

A

Plasma Membrane

61
Q

What type of protein is responsible for maintaining the balance between Sodium Na+ and Potassium K+?

A

Carrier Proteins

62
Q

The process of Na+ and K+ transferring is what kind of Transport?

A

Primary Active Transport

63
Q

K+ is found on the inside/outside of the cell

Na+ is found on the inside/outside of the cell

A

K+ Inside

Na+ Outside

64
Q

Describe the steps for the Sodium Potassium Pump

A
  1. 3 Na+ ions attach to the Sodium-Potassium Pump
  2. ATP attaches to the Sodium-Potassium Pump
  3. ATP is converted to ADP with a net release of energy
  4. Sodium enters the cell and Potassium binds to the pump.
  5. Potassium is then excreted from the cell and the phosphate leaves the pump.
  6. Cycle repeats as needed
65
Q

This is known as a rapid depolarization of membrane potential that propagates along an excitable membrane.

A

Action Potential

66
Q

Describe the process of an action potential and the Na+ K+ pump.

A
  1. Resting membrane potential is -70mV
  2. As action potential travels, Na+ channels open and Na+ beings to enter the cell.
  3. K+ channels then open and begin to leave the cell
  4. at 40mV, Na+ channels become refractory and no more Na_ enters the cell.
  5. Membrane potential starts to drop
  6. K+ continues to leave the cell, causing the membrane potential to return to resting levels.
  7. K+ channels close and Na+ channels reset
  8. Membrane potential drops below -70mV and extra K+ outside diffuses away.
67
Q

This study focuses on the functions of the living organism and its parts, and of the physical and chemical processes involved.

A

Homeostasis

68
Q

A rapid depolarization of membrane potential that Propagates along an Excitable membrane is known as a __________________

A

Action Potential

69
Q

Describe the action potential process for the Sodium Potassium Pump.
6 Step Process

A
  1. Na+ channels open, Na+ begins to enter the cell
  2. K+ channels open, K+ begins to leave the cell
  3. Na+ channels become refractory, no more NA+ enters the cell
  4. K+ continues to leave the cell, which causes the membrane potential to return to resting level
  5. K+ channels close and Na+ channels reset
  6. Extra K+ outside diffuses away
70
Q

What are the 3 functions of an Action potential?

A
  1. Information delivery to CNS
  2. Information encoding by frequency
  3. Rapid transmission over distance (Nerve cell APs)
71
Q

For action potentials, speed transmission depends on _____________ and wether it is ________________.

A

Fiber size

Myelinated

72
Q

This is an Immune mediated inflammatory demyelinating disease of the Central Nervous System (CNS)

A

Multiple Sclerosis

73
Q

True or False.

The body’s cells begin to divide without stopping and spread into surrounding tissues

A

True

74
Q

True or False

Cancer can start almost anywhere in the human body.

A

True

75
Q

True or False

Cancer cells are more specialized than normal cells

A

False

76
Q

True or False

Cancer is not a genetic disease

A

False

77
Q

True or False
Hyperplasia occurs when cells within a tissue divide faster and extra cells build up, however, the cells/tissue appear organized

A

True

78
Q 
Describe how each of these tissue changes look for a cell undergoing cancer
Normal:
Hyperplasia:
Mild Dysplasia:
Carcinoma in Situ:
Cancer:
A

Normal: Specialized and ordered
Hyperplasia: Organized, but cells differ in size
Mild Dysplasia: Layering issues, cells differ in size
Carcinoma in Situ: Cells are unorganized and differ in size
Cancer: Cells are unorganized, Differ in size, and seem to be spreading.

79
Q

7 characteristics of cancer cells…

A
  1. Large # of irregularly shaped dividing cells
  2. Large, Variably shaped nuclei
  3. small cytoplasmic volume relative to nuclei
  4. Variation in cell size and shape
  5. Loss of normal specialized cell features
  6. Disorganized arrangement of cells
  7. Poorly defined tumor boundary
80
Q

This type of tumor is very small, grows slowly, is localized, differentiated, and has defined edges.

A

Benign

81
Q

This type of tumor does not have defined boundaries, is rapidly growing, hemorrhaging, has necrosis, and is poorly differentiated.

A

Carcinoma

82
Q

This term for cancer is based on genetic damage to the cells growth.

A

Carcinogenesis

83
Q

These type of genes are known to cause a mutation to happen.

A

Proto-oncogenes

84
Q

These genes are designed to suppress tumors and stop them from growing.

A

Tumor Suppressor genes

85
Q

What are the 4 targets of genetic damage that may cause cancer to begin to develop?

A
  1. Proto-oncogenes
  2. Tumor Suppressor Genes
  3. Genes of cell death
  4. Genes of DNA repair
86
Q

This is due to a multi-step process from accumulation of multiple genetic mutations.

A

Carcinogenesis

87
Q

These are known to be genes that promote autonomous cell growth in cancer cells

A

Oncogenes

88
Q

This gene is designed to apply a metaphorical brake to the cells proliferation.

A

Tumor Suppressor gene

89
Q

This is known as the gatekeeper against cancer formation. It causes the cell cycle to arrest and apoptosis, while preventing neoplastic transformation.

A

p53: Transcription Factor

90
Q

What percentage of tumors are related to a mutation in p53 Transcription factor?

A

~50%

91
Q

______________ originates from a single cell by acquired genetic change.

A

Neoplasia

92
Q

These are known to transform normal cells to malignant cells.

A

Cancer-relevant genes

93
Q

List 2 examples of Cancer-relevant genes: which are known to transform cells to malignant cells.

A
  1. Oncogenes

2. Tumor Suppressor Genes

94
Q

Cancer cells up-regulate _______________ factors

A

Anti-Apoptotic Factors

95
Q

What are the 3 pathogenesis for cancer?

A
  1. Neoplasia originates from Single cell by acquired genetic change
  2. Cancer-relevant genes transform normal cells to malignant cells
  3. Cancer cells up-regulate anti-apoptotic factors
96
Q

Benign tumor cells grow only locally and cannot __________ by invasion or metastasis

A

Spread

97
Q

_________________ cells invade neighboring tissues, enter blood vessels, and metastasize to different sites

A

Malignant

98
Q

What are the basic 5 steps to pathogenesis with respect to time?

A

1: Mutation inactivates suppressor genes
2. cells Proliferate
3. Mutations inactivate DNA repair genes
4. Proto-oncogenes mutate to oncogenes
5. More mutations, more genetic instability, metastatic disease

PT 509 Physiology (7 decks)

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