Unit 1: Cell Physiology Homeostasis Flashcards
1
Q
This term is defined by the maintenance of nearly constant conditions in an internal environment.
A
Homeostasis
2
Q
This type of feedback promotes counteraction of an effect.
Examples include body temperature when it drops too high or low and the body responds by shivering or sweating.
A
Negative Feedback
3
Q
This control system of the body anticipates changes that may occur
A
Feed-Forward mechanism
4
Q
This control system of the body promotes an amplification of an effect
Examples include Thyroid stimulating hormone, follicle stimulating hormone, Oxytocin…
A
Positive Feedback
5
Q
List the basic organization of a cell starting from the inner most section.
A
- Nucleolus
- Nucleoplasm
- Nucleus
- Nuclear Membrane
- Cytoplasm
- Cell Membrane
6
Q
This organelle inside the cell is a lipid bi-layer that contains a hydrophobic and hydrophilic head as well as integral and peripheral proteins
A
Cell Membrane (Fluid Mosaic Model)
7
Q
This type of protein along the cell membrane penetrates completely through the membrane to allow for transport of material in and out of the cell
A
Integral Protein
8
Q
This type of protein along the cell membrane allows is found along outside of the cell membrane typically attached to the integral protein
A
Peripheral Protein
9
Q
This organelle of the Cell contains ribosomes.
A
The Endoplasmic Reticulum
10
Q
The __________ found in the Endoplasmic reticulum synthesize proteins
A
Ribosomes
11
Q
The Rough ER is known to perform 2 major functions.
They are…
A
- Protein Formation
2. Protein Transport
12
Q
The granular section of the endoplasmic reticulum is the site where ___________ takes place.
A
Protein Formation
13
Q
List the major organelles in a cell that deal that correlate to the initial start of protein formation, to its excretion.
A
- Nucleus
- Rough ER
- Smooth ER
- Golgi Apparatus
- Lysosomes
14
Q
This site of the cell is responsible for lipid synthesis and protein transport
A
Smooth ER
15
Q
Once proteins and lipids are synthesized within the cell, where do they go next?
A
Golgi Apparatus
16
Q
What are the functions of the Golgi Apparatus?
A
- Receives transport vesicles from the Smooth ER
- Substances found in the ER are “processed)
- Substances are concentrated, sorted, and packaged for secretion
17
Q
These are vesicular organelles formed from the Golgi that are responsible for cell digestion.
A
Lysosomes
18
Q
This structure within the cell is responsible for breaking down substances by oxidizing them. These substances may be poisonous to the cell, such as alcohol.
A
Peroxisomes
19
Q
This organelle inside the cell is responsible for extracting energy from nutrients.
A
Mitochondria
20
Q
The mitochondria has how many membranes
A
2 membranes, Inner and outer.
21
Q
Along the matrix inside the mitochondria, one can find __________________ enzymes that aid in the energy production process.
A
Oxidative Phosphorylation Enzymes
22
Q
This section of the cell is known as the Control Center.
A
Nucleus
23
Q
DNA material known as ______________ can be found in which section of the nucleus>
A
Chromatin…
Found in the Nucleoplasm
24
Q
ATP production. The following are broken down into building blocks known as…
Complete the Diagram
- Carbohydrates ==> __________________
- Protein ==> __________________
- Fats ==> _________________
A
Carbs ==> Glucose
Protein ==> Amino Acids
Fats ==> Fatty Acids
25
A maximum of ____ molecules of ATP are formed per molecule of glucose degraded. (This value varies from textbook to textbook. the key word here is Maximum).
38 Molecules of ATP
26
Once Carbs, Proteins, and/or Lipids are broken down into their building blocks, they can each be processed into _________________ for further energy production.
AcetylCoA
27
Acetyl CoA reacts with _______ to produce ATP
O2
28
What are the 3 uses of ATP for cellular function?
1. Membrane Transport
2. Synthesis of Chemical compounds
3. Mechanical work
29
What are the 3 types of Cytoskeletal filaments?
1. Actin Filament
2. Microtubule
3. Intermediate Filament
30
For the 3 cytoskeletal filaments, List them in order from smallest to largest.
Actin Filament 7nm
Intermediate Filament 10nm
Microtubule 25nm
31
List the structures found in the cytoskeleton.
```
Plasma Membrane
Endoplasmic Reticulum
Ribosomes
Microfilaments and Intermediate Filaments
Microtubules
Mitochondrion
```
32
What is the function of the cytoskeleton?
Maintain the structure of a cell
33
This disease is known as the progressive degeneration and death of motor neurons.
Additionally leading to the gradual loss of control of skeletal muscles.
Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS)
34
These perform most of the work in cells and are required for structure, function, regulation of tissues and organs.
Proteins
35
Proteins are made up of __________________ and there are ____ different types.
Amino Acids
| 20
36
What are the 5/6 functions of Proteins?
```
Antibodies ---IgG
Enzymes ---ATPase
Messengers ---Growth Hormone
Structure ---Actin
Transport/Storage ---Ferritn
```
37
# Fill in the missing information
1. Gene (DNA) ==> RNA formation Via __________________
| 2. RNA formation ==> Protein Formation ____________
1. Transcription
| 2. Translation
38
The binding of _____________________ interferes with the ability of the RNA polymerase to bind to the promotor
Repressor Proteins
39
Negative regulation of Transcription is initiated by sequences called "__________________" Which bind repressor proteins.
Repressor Operators
40
For positive regulation of Transcription, these so-called ____________________ bind activator proteins
Activator Operators
41
Binding of _____________________ facilitates the association of the RNA polymerase with the promoter.
Activator proteins
42
What 3 things determine the rate of cell growth?
Growth fActors
Contact Inhibition
Cellular Secretion (Negative Feedback)
43
Rapid cell growth typically occurs in these 3 locations.
Slow/Never cell growth happens in these 3 locations.
Rapid: Bone Marrow, Skin, Intestinal Epithelia
Slow: Smooth Muscle, Neurons, Striated Muscles
44
Cystic Fibrosis is considered a to be what kind of genetic disorder?
Single Gene Disorder
45
Down syndrome is considered to be what kind of genetic disorder?
Chromosomal Abnormalities
46
Colon Cancer is considered to be what kind of genetic disorder?
Colon Cancer
47
What are the 2 types of membrane proteins responsible for transport of material in and out of the cell?
Ion Channels
| Carrier Proteins
48
ion channels are considered _____________ proteins along the cell membrane
Carrier proteins are considered _______________ proteins along the cell membrane
Integral Proteins: Goes all the way through
Peripheral Protein: Shift from top to bottom.
49
This type of transport occurs DOWN a concentration gradient. Requires no mediator or involves a channel or carrier. Additionally, no energy is required for this type of transport.
Diffusion
50
This type of transport occurs against a concentration gradient and involves a "carrier". Energy is required for this transport to occur.
Active Transport
51
For simple diffusion, material can move through the cell membrane via what 3 pathways?
1. Through the cell membrane directly
2. Through a channel protein
3. Facilitated diffusion
52
Active transport can only occur via what type of pathway?
Through a Carrier Protein with the addition of ATP present
53
Facilitated diffusion is also known as ...
Carrier-Mediated Diffusion
54
Explain the process of facilitated diffusion.
1. Transported molecule binds to the binding site on the carrier protein
2. Conformational change of the protein occurs.
3. Transported molecule is released from the binding site to the other side of the cell.
No energy Required.
Initiated by the binding of the molecule to the binding site of the carrier protein.
55
What are some factors that affect the Net Rate of diffusion?
1. Greater concentration on one side of the cell
2. Pressure Imbalance
3. Temperature imbalance
4. Volume changes
56
Known as the net diffusion of water.
Osmosis
57
________________ occurs from pure water toward a water/salt solution. Water moves down its concentration gradient.
Osmosis.
58
This type of transport involves molecules being pumped AGAINST a concentration gradient at the expense of energy (ATP)
Primary Active Transport
59
This type of transport is driven by the energy stored in the concentration gradient via another molecule, such as Na+
Secondary Active Transport.
Indirect use of energy
60
carrier proteins can be located on the _______________ of all cells.
Plasma Membrane
61
What type of protein is responsible for maintaining the balance between Sodium Na+ and Potassium K+?
Carrier Proteins
62
The process of Na+ and K+ transferring is what kind of Transport?
Primary Active Transport
63
K+ is found on the inside/outside of the cell
Na+ is found on the inside/outside of the cell
K+ Inside
Na+ Outside
64
Describe the steps for the Sodium Potassium Pump
1. 3 Na+ ions attach to the Sodium-Potassium Pump
2. ATP attaches to the Sodium-Potassium Pump
3. ATP is converted to ADP with a net release of energy
4. Sodium enters the cell and Potassium binds to the pump.
5. Potassium is then excreted from the cell and the phosphate leaves the pump.
6. Cycle repeats as needed
65
This is known as a rapid depolarization of membrane potential that propagates along an excitable membrane.
Action Potential
66
Describe the process of an action potential and the Na+ K+ pump.
1. Resting membrane potential is -70mV
2. As action potential travels, Na+ channels open and Na+ beings to enter the cell.
3. K+ channels then open and begin to leave the cell
4. at 40mV, Na+ channels become refractory and no more Na_ enters the cell.
5. Membrane potential starts to drop
6. K+ continues to leave the cell, causing the membrane potential to return to resting levels.
7. K+ channels close and Na+ channels reset
8. Membrane potential drops below -70mV and extra K+ outside diffuses away.
67
This study focuses on the functions of the living organism and its parts, and of the physical and chemical processes involved.
Homeostasis
68
A rapid depolarization of membrane potential that Propagates along an Excitable membrane is known as a __________________
Action Potential
69
Describe the action potential process for the Sodium Potassium Pump.
6 Step Process
1. Na+ channels open, Na+ begins to enter the cell
2. K+ channels open, K+ begins to leave the cell
3. Na+ channels become refractory, no more NA+ enters the cell
4. K+ continues to leave the cell, which causes the membrane potential to return to resting level
5. K+ channels close and Na+ channels reset
6. Extra K+ outside diffuses away
70
What are the 3 functions of an Action potential?
1. Information delivery to CNS
2. Information encoding by frequency
3. Rapid transmission over distance (Nerve cell APs)
71
For action potentials, speed transmission depends on _____________ and wether it is ________________.
Fiber size
Myelinated
72
This is an Immune mediated inflammatory demyelinating disease of the Central Nervous System (CNS)
Multiple Sclerosis
73
True or False.
| The body's cells begin to divide without stopping and spread into surrounding tissues
True
74
True or False
| Cancer can start almost anywhere in the human body.
True
75
True or False
| Cancer cells are more specialized than normal cells
False
76
True or False
| Cancer is not a genetic disease
False
77
True or False
Hyperplasia occurs when cells within a tissue divide faster and extra cells build up, however, the cells/tissue appear organized
True
78
```
Describe how each of these tissue changes look for a cell undergoing cancer
Normal:
Hyperplasia:
Mild Dysplasia:
Carcinoma in Situ:
Cancer:
```
Normal: Specialized and ordered
Hyperplasia: Organized, but cells differ in size
Mild Dysplasia: Layering issues, cells differ in size
Carcinoma in Situ: Cells are unorganized and differ in size
Cancer: Cells are unorganized, Differ in size, and seem to be spreading.
79
7 characteristics of cancer cells...
1. Large # of irregularly shaped dividing cells
2. Large, Variably shaped nuclei
3. small cytoplasmic volume relative to nuclei
4. Variation in cell size and shape
5. Loss of normal specialized cell features
6. Disorganized arrangement of cells
7. Poorly defined tumor boundary
80
This type of tumor is very small, grows slowly, is localized, differentiated, and has defined edges.
Benign
81
This type of tumor does not have defined boundaries, is rapidly growing, hemorrhaging, has necrosis, and is poorly differentiated.
Carcinoma
82
This term for cancer is based on genetic damage to the cells growth.
Carcinogenesis
83
These type of genes are known to cause a mutation to happen.
Proto-oncogenes
84
These genes are designed to suppress tumors and stop them from growing.
Tumor Suppressor genes
85
What are the 4 targets of genetic damage that may cause cancer to begin to develop?
1. Proto-oncogenes
2. Tumor Suppressor Genes
3. Genes of cell death
4. Genes of DNA repair
86
This is due to a multi-step process from accumulation of multiple genetic mutations.
Carcinogenesis
87
These are known to be genes that promote autonomous cell growth in cancer cells
Oncogenes
88
This gene is designed to apply a metaphorical brake to the cells proliferation.
Tumor Suppressor gene
89
This is known as the gatekeeper against cancer formation. It causes the cell cycle to arrest and apoptosis, while preventing neoplastic transformation.
p53: Transcription Factor
90
What percentage of tumors are related to a mutation in p53 Transcription factor?
~50%
91
______________ originates from a single cell by acquired genetic change.
Neoplasia
92
These are known to transform normal cells to malignant cells.
Cancer-relevant genes
93
List 2 examples of Cancer-relevant genes: which are known to transform cells to malignant cells.
1. Oncogenes
| 2. Tumor Suppressor Genes
94
Cancer cells up-regulate _______________ factors
Anti-Apoptotic Factors
95
What are the 3 pathogenesis for cancer?
1. Neoplasia originates from Single cell by acquired genetic change
2. Cancer-relevant genes transform normal cells to malignant cells
3. Cancer cells up-regulate anti-apoptotic factors
96
Benign tumor cells grow only locally and cannot __________ by invasion or metastasis
Spread
97
_________________ cells invade neighboring tissues, enter blood vessels, and metastasize to different sites
Malignant
98
What are the basic 5 steps to pathogenesis with respect to time?
1: Mutation inactivates suppressor genes
2. cells Proliferate
3. Mutations inactivate DNA repair genes
4. Proto-oncogenes mutate to oncogenes
5. More mutations, more genetic instability, metastatic disease
