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PT 509 Physiology > Immune System > Flashcards

Immune System Flashcards

1
Q

Erythropoietin (EPO)

A
  • Controls erythropoiesis (formation of blood cells)
  • Made by kidneys
  • Increase in RBC #’s in 5 days
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2
Q

Normal hematocrit in men and women

A

Men - 45%
Women - 40%

(blood = hematocrit + plasma)

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3
Q

How are red blood cells recycled?

A

Lifespan = 120 days
Digested in spleen by macrophages
Hemoglobin excreted as bilirubin

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4
Q

Jaundice

A

Indicates liver failure

Or if infants producing excess RBCs & hemoglobin

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5
Q

Anemia - levels at which it effects you

A

Deficiency of hemoglobin

  • decrease by 30% –> symptoms, tiredness
  • Elevated cardiac output, decreased vascular resistance
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6
Q

Polycythemia

A

Increased RBC production

Increases viscosity –> increases cardiac work

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7
Q

5 types of Leukocytes

A
  • Granulocytes (Neutrophils, Eosinophils, Basophils)
  • Monocytes (AKA macrophages)
  • Lymphocytes
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8
Q

Eosinophils

A

2% of WBCs

  • Phagocytic, immunomodulary, decrease inflammation
  • PARASITES, skin diseases, chronic infections
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9
Q

Basophils

A 
0.5% of WBCs
Release histamine (allergic reactions)
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10
Q

3 mechanisms of innate immunity

A

Innate immunity = non specific processes to destroy foreign organisms

  1. Phagocytosis of bacteria
  2. GI tract- acid secretions destroy organisms
  3. Skin - resists invasion
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11
Q

2 types of cell responsible for phagocytosis

A
  1. Neutrophils

2. Macrophages (aka monocytes when inactive in blood)

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12
Q

4 steps of inflammation process

A

Inflammation = part of innate immune response!

  1. Tissue damage
  2. Vasodilation, increased permeability of blood vessels
  3. Phagocytes migrate to area, kill bacteria
  4. Tissue repair
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13
Q

Neutrophilia

A

Increased level of neutrophils in blood

Red flag for a serious infection

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14
Q

Diapedesis

A

Process by which white blood cells exit capillaries into tissue

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15
Q

2 types of Leukemia

A

Lymphocytic (lymphoid)
Myelogenous (bone marrow)
- Designated Acute or Chronic (speed of progression, amt undifferentiated cells)

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16
Q

2 categories of adaptive (acquired) immunity

A
  • Humoral-mediated - B cells, antibodies

- Cell-mediated (T cells)

17
Q

Humoral immunity

A

B cells in lymph activated by antigen

Clone selves to form plasma cells (travel in blood) and Memory B cells

18
Q

2 mechanisms of antibody action

A
  1. Direct attack on invader (Abs bind, neutralize, lyse)

2. Activate complement system

19
Q

Complement system

A

Part of humoral immunity
Several enzymes in blood, series of reactions activated by antibodies
- Leads to lysis of invaders

20
Q

Cell-mediated immunity

A

T cells in lymph - respond to antigens ONLY displayed on MHC complex on antigen-presenting cell

21
Q

Antigen presenting cells (3)

A

Macrophages, B cells, dendritic cells

- Bind fragments of antigens to MHC complex to activate T cells

22
Q

CD4 cells

A

Helper T cells

secrete lymphokines & interleukins to mediate immune action

23
Q

Cytotoxic T cells

A

i.e. CD8 cells
Killer T cells
Insert perforins to kill attacked cells

24
Q

Hemostasis

A

Prevention of blood loss by the process of clotting

25
Q

What are blood clots made of?

A

Fibrin (and platelets, and dead cells)

26
Q

Intrinsic, extrinsic, and common pathways of blood clotting

A
  • Intrinsic = skin damage pathway, many clotting factors involved
  • Extrinsic - tissue/organ damage
  • Both lead to common pathway, which eventually converts fibrinogen to fibrin to form clots
27
Q

3 reasons for coagulation problems

A
  1. Liver failure (clotting factors made there)
  2. Vitamin C deficiency (elderly, alcoholics lack stable collagen)
  3. Vitamin K deficiency (needed for clotting factors)
28
Q

Vasculitis

A

Inflammation of small vessels, can leave lesions on skin in rheumatoid arthritis

29
Q

C-reactive protein

A

Commonly measured indicator of indication (

30
Q

RF (Rheumatoid Factor)

A

Auto-antibody produced by individuals with rheumatoid arthritis

31
Q

ANA’s (Antinuclear Antibodies)

A

Specific auto-antibodies for lupus

32
Q

Symptoms of Rheumatoid Arthritis

A
  • Subcutaneous nodules - small, firm, painless
  • Painful swelling of small joints in hands and feet
  • bone erosion, joint deformity
33
Q

Rheumatoid arthritis pathogenesis

A

Progressive autoimmune disesase

  • Attacks synovium of joints
  • Chronic inflammatory disorder
  • Overactive immune response to self erodes bone & synovium rather than repairing it
34
Q

RA vs. OA differences

A
  • RA affects synovium vs wear & tear on cartilage
  • RA early morning pain lasts >45 min (OA lasts ~20 min)
  • RA symmetrical & affects whole body
  • RA affects more women than men, OA affects sexes equally
  • OA generally affects people over age 40, RA can onset any age
35
Q

Pannus

A

Hardening of joint from dead cells, becomes fibrotic

36
Q

Most common RA treatments

A
  • Glucocorticoids
  • DMARDS (anti rheumatic drugs)
  • Combinations, trial and error
37
Q

Hemoglobin A1C

- Blood levels & significance

A

% glycated hemoglobin, reflects the blood glucose levels over the past 2-3 months
- HbA1C > 6.5 % is diagnostic of diabetes (if measured repeatedly)

PT 509 Physiology (7 decks)

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