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Biology > Unit 2: Biochemistry > Flashcards

Unit 2: Biochemistry Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

A macromolecule is a _____

A

Large thing made of atoms

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2
Q

What are the 4 types of macromolecules found in living organisms?

A
  • carbohydrates
  • lipids
  • proteins
  • nucleic acids
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3
Q

All macromolecules contain the element ____

A

Carbon

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4
Q

Molecules that contain carbon are called ____ molecules

A

Organic

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5
Q

____ ____ is the branch of chemistry that studies molecules containing carbon

A

Organic chemistry

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6
Q

A carbon atom has a valence of ____

A

4

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7
Q

A valence of 4 means each carbon atom can ___ with up to 4 other atoms

A

Bond

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8
Q

Carbon has ___ electrons in its outer shell

A

4

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9
Q

A carbon atom has space for ___ more electrons in addition to the 4 electrons it already has in its outer shell

A

4

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10
Q

A carbon atom acquires addition electrons by bonding ____ with up to four other atoms

A

Covalently

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11
Q

What substance does carbon create with it bonds with other atoms like this

A

Methane

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12
Q

What substance does carbon create when it bonds with other atoms like this

A

Carbon dioxide

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13
Q

What substance does carbon create when it bonds with other atoms like this

A

Pentae

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14
Q

Elements are arranged into subunits called ____

A

Monomers

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15
Q

Monomers act as building block of large molecules called ____

A

Polymers

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16
Q

Glucose is a monomer that can build up a polymer called ____

A

Starch

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17
Q

____ is a monomer that can build up a polymer called starch

A

Glucose

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18
Q

Monomers link together in a process called ____ ____

A

Dehydration synthesis

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19
Q

During dehydration synthesis, the carbon atom on one monomer sheds is OH- ion, and links with an oxygen on a second monomer. The second monomer sheds an H+ ion. the OH- and H+ ions join to become ____

A

WAter

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20
Q

The opposite reaction of dehydration synthesis is called ____

A

Hydrolysis

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21
Q

In hydrolysis, a water molecule is ____ and used to separate the monomers

A

Split

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22
Q

what is the type of bond between sugar molecule monomers

A

Glycosidic

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23
Q

the type of polysaccharides that plants use to store energy (sugar). It is easily digestible; found in pasta and potatoes

A

Starch

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24
Q

The type of polysaccharide animals use to store energy (sugar). It is stored in muscles

A

Glycogen

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25
Q

The type of polysaccharides that provides plant structure and rigidity. It is not digestible; found in grass and fiber

A

Cellulose

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26
Q

The type of polysaccharide that makes up the exoskeleton of arthropods and fungi

A

Chitin

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27
Q

Everything in the universe is composed of ____

A

Matter

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28
Q

Matter is anything that has ____ and takes up ____

A

Mass
Space

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29
Q

One of the smallest units of matter is the ____

A

Atom

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30
Q

An ____ is a substance that cannot be broken down chemically into smaller pieces

A

Element

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31
Q

What are the 6 elements that compose the majority of living things

A
  • carbon (C)
  • hydrogen (H)
  • Oxygen (O)
  • Nitrogen (N)
  • Phosphorus (P)
  • Sulfur (S)
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32
Q

Atoms are made up of ____ ____

A

Subatomic particles

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33
Q

Where is the proton located and what is its charge and mass (AMU)

A

Nucleus
Positive
1

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34
Q

Where is the neutron located, what is its charge and what is its mass (AMU)

A

Nucleus
Neutral
1

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35
Q

Where is the electron located, what is its charge and what is its mass (AMU)

A

Shell
Negative
0

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36
Q

The number of protons determines the ____ ___ of the element

A

Atomic number

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37
Q

The total number of protons and neutrons determines the ___ ____ of the element

A

Mass number

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38
Q

Electrons are arranged in ____ around the nucleus

A

Shells

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39
Q

Electrons will fill the shell ____ the nucleus first

A

Closest to

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40
Q

The number of electrons in the shell around a nucleus will match the number of ____ in the nucleus

A

Protons

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41
Q

The number of ____ in an element’s atom may vary

A

Neutrons

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42
Q

What varies between isotopes of an element’s atoms?

A

The number of neutrons

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43
Q

Each elements isotopes have the ___ basic chemical properties

A

Same

44
Q

Some isotopes are ____ .

A

Radioactive

45
Q

Being radioactive means the nucleus is ____ and will ___ ____ resulting in the creation of a different element

A

Unstable
Break apart

46
Q

A water molecule is made of 2 hydrogen atoms and 1 oxygen atom ____ bonded together

A

Covalently

47
Q

The oxygen atom has ____ protons

A

8

48
Q

A hydrogen atom has ___ proton

A

1

49
Q

The shared electrons in an water molecule will pull more strongly towards the ____ nucleus because the ____ nucleus has ____ protons

A

Oxygen
Oxygen
More

50
Q

The oxygen end of a water molecule has a slightly ____ charge, and the hydrogen end has a slightly ____ charge

A

Negative
Positive

51
Q

A water molecule is ____

A

Polar

52
Q

Water molecules align with each other so ____ ends are matched with ___ ends

A

Positive
Negative

53
Q

Water molecules are held loosely together with ____ ____

A

Hydrogen bonds

54
Q

Hydrogen bonds are ___ ___ ___ as covalent bonds

A

Not as strong

55
Q

What are the 5 properties of water

A
  • Cohesion
  • Adhesion
  • High Heat Capacity
  • Universal Solvent
  • Solid less dense than liquid
56
Q

The attraction between molecules of the same substance is called

A

Cohesion

57
Q

Cohesion is the ____ between molecules of the same substance

A

Attraction

58
Q

Cohesion is responsible for water’s ____ ____

A

Surface tension

59
Q

Adhesion is the attraction between molecules of ____ substances

A

Different

60
Q

Adhesion is responsible for water’s ___ ___

A

Capillary action

61
Q

Capillary action allows plants to draw water up their _____

A

Tubes

62
Q

Heat capacity is the amount of ____ needed to raise the ____ of a substance

A

Energy
Temperature

63
Q

The temperature of a substance ____ when its molecules move ____.

A

Increases
Faster

64
Q

Hydrogen bonds make it harder for water ____ to move faster

A

Molecules

65
Q

The kind of solvent that can dissolve other substances

A

Universal Solvent

66
Q

A universal solvent is a solvent that can _____ other substances

A

Dissolve

67
Q

The substance being dissolved is a ____.

A

Solute

68
Q

____ can dissolve more solutes than any other chemical

A

Water

69
Q

Substances that do not dissolve in water may form a _____: tiny particles mixed into the water

A

Suspension

70
Q

Ice will float on water because it is less ____

A

Dense

71
Q

Ice has ____ hydrogen bonds which hold the water molecules _____

A

Stable
Apart

72
Q

Floating ice allows _____ organisms to survive in cold climates

A

Aquatic

73
Q

What are the 2 types of bonds that may form between atoms

A

Ionic
Covalent

74
Q

How is an ion different from an atom

A

Ions are positively charged or negatively charged due to losing or gaining an electron

75
Q

Why do ions bond with each other

A

Opposite charges attract each other

76
Q

What happens in a covalent bond

A

Atoms share one electron from each atom

77
Q

What does it mean if two atoms have a “double bond”

A

Atoms share 4 electrons

78
Q

What do you call a structure made of two or more atoms held together by a covalent bond

A

Molecule

79
Q

The atoms in a water molecule are held together by what type of bond

A

Covalent

80
Q

Water molecules can break apart to create ____

A

Ions

81
Q

The ions that come from water molecules are ____ (H+) and ____ (OH-)

A

Hydrogen
Hydroxide

82
Q

This is the chemical reaction for what?

H2O <–> H+ + OH-

A

Ionization of water

83
Q

The double arrow in a chemical reaction equation indicates the reaction is ____

A

Reversible

84
Q

Only a tiny fraction of water molecules will ____

A

Dissociate

85
Q

Pure water has ____ amounts of H+ and OH- ions

A

Equal

86
Q

When other chemicals are added to the water they may ____ the number of H+ and OH- ions

A

Change

87
Q

IF the number of OH- ions increase in water, the water becomes ____

A

Basic

88
Q

If the number of H+ ions increase in water, the water becomes ____

A

Acidic

89
Q

Low pH numbers are

A

Acidic

90
Q

High pH numbers are

A

Alkaline / basic

91
Q

A pH of 7 is

A

Neutral

92
Q

The pH scale has an _____ relationship with the concentration of H+ ions

A

Inverse

93
Q

A chemical with a high concentration of H+

A

Acidic

94
Q

A chemical with a high concentration of OH-

A

Basic

95
Q

The pH scale is a ____ scale

A

Logarithmic

96
Q

The pH scale, because it is logarithmic, ____ very large values and _____ very small values

A

Compresses
Expands

97
Q

A one unit ____ of the pH scale indicates a _____ times increase in the concentration of H+ ions

A

Decrease
10

98
Q

A pH of 3 is ____ times more acidic than a pH of 4

A

10

99
Q

How many times more acidic is a pH of 1 compared to a pH of 4

A

1,000

100
Q

organisms must maintain a ____ pH inside

A

Neutral

101
Q

Most biological fluids have a pH in the range of _____ to ____

A

7.36
7.45

102
Q

Cells contain ____ to protect against changes in pH

A

Buffers

103
Q

A buffer is a chemical that can absorb H+ or OH- ions to ____ sharp changes in pH

A

Prevent

104
Q

Buffers are _____ acids or bases

A

Weak

105
Q

One example of a buffer found in blood in is ______

A

Bicarbonate (HCO3)

106
Q

When an acid enters the blood, bicarbonate absorbs the extra ___, keeping the blood pH ____

A

H+
Neutral

107
Q

When a base enters the blood, bicarbonate absorbs the extra ___, keeping the blood pH ____

A

OH-
Neutral

Biology (12 decks)

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