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Unit 2 AOS2 Flashcards

Perception

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1
Q

What is attention?

A

It is defined as the level of awareness directed towards certain stimuli to the exclusion of others.

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2
Q

What are the five key features of attention?

A
  • If it is UNUSAL, UNEXPECTED OR STANDS OUT from it’s surrounding
  • If we are MODIVATED TO OR EXPECT TO ENCOUNTER a particular stimulus
  • If it is PERSONALLY SIGNIFICANT
  • If it is MOCING OR CHANGING
  • If it becomes REPTITOUS
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3
Q

Relate the key features to an example.

A
  • (unusual) listening to your fav music then you heard a crash outside this will switch your attention
  • (motivated) shopping when hungry, more likely to buy more food
  • (significant) parents can hear their baby crying next room while other adults may fail to notice
  • (moving) your in your quite home and the door opens
  • (repetitious) dripping tap or flickering lights
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4
Q

What are the three types of attention?

A

Sustained, Selective and Divided.

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5
Q

What is sustained attention?

A

Sustained attention, involves maintaining a high degree of attention over a prolonged period.

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6
Q

What an example of sustained attention?

A

reading books, playing video games

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7
Q

What is divided attention?

A

It involves distributing one’s attention to allow for the processing of two or more stimuli at the same time.

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8
Q

What cognitive process is being used when doing divided attention?

A

Automatic cognitive process

(little mental effort)

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9
Q

What is selective attention?

A

When we focus our attention on a single activity and disregard other environmental stimuli.

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10
Q

What cognitive process is being used when doing selective attention?

A

Controlled cognitive process

(high mental effort)

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11
Q

What is an example of selective attention?

A

learning to dribbling a soccer ball

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12
Q

What is sensation?

A

It is the process by which our sense organs and receptors detect and respond to sensory information that stimulates them.

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13
Q

What is perception?

A

It refers to the process by which we give meaning to sensory information.

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14
Q

If perception is a psychological process and sensation is a physiological process what does this mean?

A

That everyone has the same sensation but perception is different for everyone

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15
Q

What are the three processes for sensation?

A

Reception,
Transduction,
Transmission.

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16
Q

Explain the three processes for sensation.

A

Reception: The process in which our sense organs first receive information about a stimulus from our internal or external environment.

Transduction: The process in which raw sensory data is received by the receptors is converted into a new form which can be sent to the brain.

Transmission: Process of sending these electrochemical neural messages (action potential) along the neural pathways to the areas of the brain responsible for processing sensory information.

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17
Q

What are the three processes for perception?

A

Selection,
Organisation,
Interpretation.

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18
Q

Explain the three processes for perception.

A

Selection: Attending to certain features of sensory stimuli to the exclusion of others

Organisation: The process of regrouping features of sensory stimuli together in order to form cohesive and meaningful information

Interpretation: The process of understanding and assigning meaning to the sensory information
Relies on a range of factors (past

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19
Q

What is top-down processing?

A

It is when a perception is informed by prior knowledge and expectations.

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20
Q

What is bottom up processing?

A

It is when perception begins with most noticeable sensory data, which is then integrated to form a bigger picture.

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21
Q

In the biopsychosocial model, what are the biological two main influences?

A

Binocular and Monocular

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22
Q

In the biopsychosocial model, what is the social factor?

A

Culture

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23
Q

In the biopsychosocial model, explain what binocular depth perception is and what are the two sub groups?

A

Binocular depth cues require both eyes to send information to the brain.

-convergence
-retinal disparity

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24
Q

What is convergence?

A

Convergence is the brain detecting and interpreting depth from changes in tension in the eye muscles.
When eyes turn inwards to focus on close objects.

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25
Q

What does retinal disparity mean?

A

Retinal disparity is the small discrepancy between an image that reaches your right eye and the image that reaches your left eye.

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26
Q

What are the two subjects of monocular depth perception?

A

Accommodation and Pictorial Cues

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27
Q

What are the five cues for Pictorial Cues?

A
  • linear perspective
  • relative size
  • interposition
  • texture gradient
  • height in the visual field
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28
Q

What does accommodation mean?

A

When the ciliary muscle attached to the lens in each eye alters the shape of the lens to enable the eye to focus on nearby objects.
far- flat
close- bulges

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29
Q

Linear perspective?

A

the apparent convergence of parallel lines as they recede (go back) into the distance

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30
Q

What is relative size?

A

the tendency to visually perceive the object that produces the largest image on the retina as being closer, and the object that produces the smallest image on the retina as being further away.
however they are the same size in real life.

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31
Q

Interposition?

A

It occurs when object partially blocks or covers another object, and the partially blocked object is perceived as further away than the object that obstructs it.

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32
Q

What is texture gradients?

A

It refers to the gradual reduction of detail that occurs in a surface as it recedes into the distance, compared with a surface that is close and perceived in fine detail.

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33
Q

Height in the visual field?

A

A pictorial cue whereby the height of objects in the visual field (above or below the horizon) acts as a depth cue so that objects close to the horizon appear further away.

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34
Q

What is the psychological factors on perception?

A

Gestalt principles
Perceptual set
Visual Constancies

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35
Q

What are the sub categories in Gestalt Principles?

A

Proximity
Similarity
Figure Ground
Closure

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36
Q

Proximity?

A

Group together items that are physically close to one another.

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36
Q

Similarity?

A

Group together figures that look similar or related to another.

37
Q

Figure Ground?

A

Separate figures in an image by placing some in the foreground and some in the background.

38
Q

Closer?

A

Fill in empty spaces of gap of an incomplete picture to create a whole.

39
Q

What are the sub groups of visual constancies?

A

size constancy
shape constancy
brightness constancy

40
Q

What is size constancy?

A

Where the perceived size of an object remains constant despite changes in the size of the imagine it casts on the retina.

41
Q

What is shape constancy?

A

The perceptual constancy whereby an objects perceived shape is not affected by the changing shape of its image on the retina.

42
Q

What is brightness constancy?

A

It is the process whereby an object appears to maintain the same level of brightness relative to its surroundings, despite variations in the amount of light reflected from it onto the retina.

43
Q

What does perceptual set mean?

A

Expectancy

expectations

44
Q

What are the subsets of perceptual set?

A

Motivation
Context
Memory
Past experiences

45
Q

What does context mean?

A

the setting in which perceived stimulus occur

46
Q

What does motivation mean?

A

We see what we “want” to see, rather than what is actually there.

47
Q

What does memory mean?

A

Our memory is shaped by our experiences of the world, and it helps us understand how our world works.

48
Q

What does past experiences mean?

A

The situations and events we have encountered throughout our lives prior to the present are collectively referred to as ourpast experience.

49
Q

What is the social factors for visual perception?

A

Culture

50
Q

What are the biological factors that affect gustatory perception?

A

Genetics
Age

51
Q

How does genetics affect your perception of taste?

A

Genetic differences make us more or less sensitive to the chemical molecules in different foods.

52
Q

How does Age affect your perception of taste?

A

Younger you have less taste buds,
Older adults tend to lose taste buds.

53
Q

What are the three psychological factors that affect the perception of gustatory?

A

Memory
Appearance
Food Packaging

54
Q

How does memory affect your perception of taste?

A

With memory, We gradually learn and remember a ranges of aspects about the food we eat. What’s stored in long-term memory is used to identify food and make judgments about how it may taste.

55
Q

How does appearance affect your perception of taste?

A

We often taste what we expect to taste.

Sometimes what we see can override what we think we taste.

We also use a food’s appearance for clues on whether it is safe to eat.

56
Q

How does food packaging affect your perception of taste?

A

The way the packaging looks with affect your perception on how it taste.
Home brand vs normal brand

Bland vs exciting.

57
Q

What is the social factor that influences how things taste?

A

Culture

58
Q

What is the difference between monocular and binocular depth cues?

A

Monocular uses 1 eye to judge distance whereas binocular uses 2 eyes to judge the depth and send information to the brain.

59
Q

How does culture affect your perception of taste?

A

What’s perceived as tasting delicious or disgusting varies across cultures.
Bugs no go for us but in other cultures it is acceptable.

60
Q

What does fallibility mean?

A

Fallibility refers to the quality of being prone to error or experiencing difficulties in judgement.

61
Q

What are visual illusions?

A

A visual illusion is a misperception of external visual stimuli that occurs as a result of a distortion or mistake when interpreting the stimuli.

the perception of a visual stimulus that conflicts with how it is in physical reality.

62
Q

What is the muller-lyer illusion?

A

It is a famous visual illusion which has two lines (arrows) and you need to answer the question ‘which line is longer?’

but they are the same size.

63
Q

What is the carpenter hypothesis?

A

‘Carpentered world hypothesis’ state that when we see plain 2D lines, we automatically apply them to real 3D objects, such as corners of rooms and buildings.

64
Q

How does the answer range for people who live in urban vs rural?

A

People who live in cities more open to the illusion than people that lived in more rural, ‘un-carpentered’ areas.
Those with more exposure to ‘carpentered’ settings are perhaps more likely to see the illusion.

65
Q

What are the three visual illusions?

A

Ames Room
Spinning dancer
Muller-Lyer

65
Q

What is the Ames Room Illusion?

A

People appear to change size as they walk across the room.

Because of the size and shape of the room.

Right side- bigger
Left side- smaller

65
Q

What is the spinning dancer?

A

The illusion has been explained in terms of the lack of depth cues to distinguish between the front and back of the silhouette.

The two-dimensional, single-image figure can therefore be perceived from either of two perspectives.

The dancer is presented as a silhouette, thereby minimising visual cues that could be used for depth perception.

66
Q

What is gustatory perception?

A

Taste perception occurs through both bottom-up and top-down processes.
Most taste experiences are complex and result from the activation of different combinations of more of the five basic tastes.

67
Q

What are supertasters sensitive to?

A

Sensitive to bitter foods
More specifically the chemical called phenylthiocarbamide (PTC).

68
Q

What are supertasters?

A

People who genetically have more papillae than an normal person.

69
Q

What do miracle berries do?

A

A miracle berry, or miraculin can completely alter our taste perception.

perceptual taste distortion occurs.

70
Q

Where do miracle berries come from?

A

West Africa

71
Q

What processing is happening to be expose to miraculin?

A

Top-down psychological processing.

72
Q

What happens when you eat a miracle berry?

A

Miraculin attaches to our taste receptors for sweetness, and upon interaction with acids from sour foods, changes shape to activate the sweet receptors that are normally set off by sugars.

73
Q

What is a judgement of flavours influenced by?

A

Our judgement of flavours is influenced by our perceptual set, colour intensity and texture.

74
Q

How does our perceptual set influence our judgement of flavour?

A

When we inspect our food, we base our expectations on past experiences.
Visual cues such as shape and colour are learned as indicators of a food’s taste or quality.

75
Q

How does our colour intensity influence our judgement of flavour?

A

Colour intensity plays an important role in our prediction of the type of flavour we will experience. foods coloured pink or purple are often associated with sweet colours

76
Q

How does our texture influence our judgement of flavour?

A

Texture is the way food and drink feels in our mouth

Texture can include size, surface feeling, wetness, and viscosity (thickness)

77
Q

What is synaesthesia?

A

Synaesthesia is a phenomenon that involves cross-talk of sensory experience.

When the neurological pathways for one perceptual modality are activated, they automatically activate the pathways involved in processing another perceptual modality.

78
Q

What are the types of synaesthesia?

A

chromesthisa – the perception of sounds can trigger the perception of colours.

grapheme-colour – the perception of letters/numbers can trigger the perception of colours.

auditory-tactile – the perception of sounds triggers the perceptions of touch.

exical-gustatory – the perception of words triggers the perception of taste.

79
Q

What is spatial neglect?

A

Most commonly observed in stroke or accident victims, who have fairly extensive injury to their cerebral cortex in the rear areas of the parietal lobe on the right hemisphere.
Experience left spatial neglect.

80
Q

What are the causes of synaesthesia?

A
  • innate
  • genetic basis
  • linked to learning during childhood
  • result of the brain’s failure to remove excess neurons
  • result of external factors
81
Q

What experimental design is the dot to dot experiment?

A

It was a within subject design as the groups did both independent variables/experimental groups.

82
Q

What is a limitation for a within subject design?

A

Order affect meaning people get practice (dot to dot)

83
Q

What is the solution to order affects?

A

Counterbalancing, this means changing the order that the participants do the activity. (dot to dot)

84
Q

What does the activity with the Grade 1 test?

A

It test their perceptual set.

85
Q

What is a hypothesis for the Grade 1 experiment? (Include what the IV, DV and POPULATION is)

A

HYPOTHESIS: It was hypothesised that year 1 students at PGS who see animals first will see an animal in the ambiguous figure while students who see the first faces will see a face in the ambiguous figure.

POPULATION: Year 1 students at PGS
IV: past experiences given to students (face vs animal)
DV: how many people see a rat or a face

86
Q

What was the IV and DV of the real brand vs Coles brand food?

A

IV OF TASTE: whether the packaging was there or wasn’t there

DV: the rating we rated it
1/5-5/5

87
Q

Identify and explain one example of top-down processing and one example of bottom-up used in gustatory perception.

A

An example of top-down processing in gustatory perception is the influence of the food’s appearance.This is because the way the food looks may cause people to expect it to taste a certain way, based on their prior understandings of what food should appear like.

An example of bottom-up processing is the perception of flavour intensity as a result of the number of taste buds an individual has.If they have more taste buds, they should have a greater amount of gustatory receptors, and perceive things as more flavoursome due to this heightened reception.

88
Q
A

Psychology (7 decks)

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