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AOS1 Flashcards

What influences psychological development?

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1
Q

What is nature?

A

They are hereditary factors that may impact on development.

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2
Q

What is nurture?

A

They are environmental factors that may impact on development.

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3
Q

What is the biopsychosocial model?

A

The biopsychosocial model is an approach to describing and explaining how biological, social, and psychological factors combine and interact to influence an individual’s behaviour and mental processes.

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4
Q

Give me an example from the biological, social and psychological areas of the biopsychosocial model.

A

Bio- sleep, medication, medical disorders
Psych- low self-esteem, the way you think, responses to stress
Social- friendship situations

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5
Q

What is emotional development?

A

It is development changes in how an individual experiences different feelings and how these feelings are expressed, interpreted and dealt with.

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6
Q

What is attachment?

A

The emotional bond which forms between an infant and another person.

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7
Q

What is the strange situation?

A

It is a test to measure the attachment relationships a child has with their parent. It was done by Mary Ainsworth.

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8
Q

What are the four types of attachments? Explain them.

A

Secure attachment: a type of attachment where there is a positive relationship and the infant safe and secure. (65% of 1 year olds, most common).

Insecure avoidant attachment: a type of attachment where there is a negative relationship and the infant does not seek closeness or contact with the caregiver and treats them much like a stranger. (20% of 1 year olds)

Insecure resistant attachment: a type of attachment where there is a negative relationship and the infant constantly checks the caregiver’s whereabouts, calling, pleading, tries to re-establish contact, clings, then resists contact (12% of 1 year olds).

Disorganised attachment: a type of insecure attachment characterised by inconsistent or odd and contradictory behaviours by an infant when separated from or reunited with a caregiver. (ADDED LATER)

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9
Q

What is subjective feeling? Give an example.

A

In relation to an emotion, its inner personal expression of behaviour by an individual.
EG. Forgetfulness

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10
Q

What is expressive behaviour? Give an example.

A

In relation to an emotion, an overt expression of behaviour which communicates an emotion.
EG. frowning or smiling

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11
Q

What is a physiological response? Give a example.

A

In relation to an emotion, it is bodily changes that occur during its experience
EG. heart rate, sweating,

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12
Q

What is cognitive development?

A

The development changes in mental abilities.

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13
Q

What is accommodation? Give an example.

A

In Piaget’s theory, changing a pre-existing mental idea to fit in new information.

EG. a child who understands that a four-legged creature is called a dog. Then, the child encounters a cat and refers to it as a dog until corrected by a parent. After being corrected, the child can distinguish between a dog and a cat.

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14
Q

What is assimilation?
Give an example.

A

In Piaget’s theory, taking in new information and fitting it into pre-existing information.

EG. once a child has a schema for birds based on the types of birds they have seen in their garden, they are able to incorporate new types of birds into their existing bird schema.

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15
Q

What is schema?

A

In Piaget’s theory, a mental idea of what something is and how to act on it

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16
Q

What are the four stages of cognitive development?

A

Sensori-motor (Birth- 2yrs)
Pre-operational (2-7yrs)
Concrete operational (7-11)
Formal operational (11years and up)

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17
Q

What is social development?

A

The developmental changes in an individual’s relationships with other people and their skills in interacting with others.

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18
Q

What is a psychosocial crisis?

A

In Erikson’s theory, a personal conflict an individual faces in adjusting to society.

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19
Q

What is psychosocial development?

A

in Erikson’s theory, change involving both psychological processes taking place within the individual (‘psycho’) and their experiences with other people (‘social’)

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20
Q

What is a sensitive period?
Give an example.

A

A period of time during development when an individual is more responsive to a certain types of environmental experiences or learning.
EG. a second language.

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21
Q

What is a critical period?

A

A specific period during development when an organism is most vulnerable to the deprivation or absence of certain environmental stimuli or experiences.
EG. development of binocular vision

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22
Q

What is imprinting?
Give an example.

A

A simple type of learning in which a very young animal fixes it attention on or attaches to the first object with which it has visual, auditory or tactile experience and thereafter follows that object and seems to for an attachment to that object.
EG. ducklings

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23
Q

What is typical behaviour?

A

Typical behaviour is behaviour that would be usually occur and is appropriate and expected in a given situation.

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24
Q

What is atypical behaviour?

A

Atypical behaviour is behaviour that differs markedly in some way from what is expected in a given situation.

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25
Q
A
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26
Q

What is neurotypicality?

A

Neurotypicality describes people whose neurological development and cognitive functioning are typical, conforming to what most people would consider to be normal in the general population.

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27
Q

What is abnormality?

A

Abnormality any deviation from what is considered normal, typical, usual or healthy

28
Q

What does neurodiversity mean?

A

Neurodiversity describes people whose neurological development and cognitive functioning are atypical and therefore deviate from what is considered typical or normal in the general population.

29
Q

What is ADHD?

A

ADHD a neurodevelopmental disorder involving a persistent pattern of inattention, and/or hyperactive-impulsive behaviour that adversely affects development or everyday functioning

30
Q

What is a psychiatrist?

A

Psychiatrist is a medical doctor who has qualifications to specialise in the diagnosis and treatment of mental illnesses. They are able to give medication out. (11 years in Uni)

31
Q

What is a psychologist?

A

Psychologist a professional trained in the science of how people think, feel and behave. Can not give out medicine. (6 years in Uni)

32
Q

What are the approaches to understand the brain overtime?

A

Phrenology, heart vs brain debate, mind-body problem

33
Q

What is phrenology?

A

It is a theory thinking specific abilities or personality traits was related to the bumps and shape of your skull.

34
Q

What is a spilt brain surgery?

A

Spilt brain surgery is when they cut the corpus callosum to either partially or fully disconnect the cerebral hemispheres.

35
Q

What happens when you cut the corpus callosum?

A

When you cut the corpus callosum, information can not be communicated between the two hemispheres.

36
Q

When information is seen in the left visual field where does it go?

A

Information that enters the left visual field goes to the right side of the brain. Information that enters the right visual field goes to the left side of the brain.

37
Q

If someone has had a spilt brain surgery, when they see something in there left visual field how can they communicate it?

A

As the information goes to the right hemisphere, they can only communicate by drawing it. They are unable to verbally say what they saw.

38
Q

What is neuroimaging?

A

It is a technique that captures a picture of the brain.

39
Q

What is structural neuroimaging? Name two examples of it.

A

It is a brain scanning technique, such as CT and MRI, that produces an image showing structure and anatomy of the brain but no function.

40
Q

What is functional neuroimaging? Name two examples of it.

A

It is a brain scanning technique, such as PET and fMRI, that produces an image showing activity and function of the brain.

41
Q

What are the three parts of the hindbrain? and where is it location?

A

The hindbrain is located at the back of the brain, near the neck. It includes Pons (regulates sleep, daydreaming), Medulla (controls vital organs and vital body functions such as swallowing, breathing heart rate), and Cerebellum (coordinates voluntary body movements).

42
Q

What does the midbrain do? What is the main part of the mid brain?

A

The midbrain connects the upper and lower brain areas.
The main part of the midbrain is the reticular formation (helps screen incoming information, alerts higher brain centres to important information and regulates arousal).

43
Q

What are the three parts of the forebrain?

A

The three part of the forebrain is the hypothalamus (controls vital roles in maintaining the body’s interval environment by regulating release of hormones and body temperature), Thalamus (controls incoming sensory information (expect smell) and communicating info from the cerebral cortex to the lower brain structures), and Cerebrum (largest part of the brain with the cerebral cortex as its outer layer, it coordinates movement)

44
Q

What does the left and right hemisphere do?

A

LEFT: verbal functions involve the use or cognition of words such as in reading, writing and speaking and understanding speech.
(LEFT = LANGUAGE)
RIGHT: spatial and visual thinking such as completing a jigsaw puzzle, reading a map, recognising faces and patterns, appreciation of music and artwork.
(RIGHT = CREATIVE THINKING)

45
Q

What are the four lobes?

A

Frontal lobe, Parietal lobe, Temporal lobe and Occipital lobe.

46
Q

What are the important area/s in each lobe?

A

FRONTAL: Motor cortex, Broca’s Area.
PARIETAL: Somatosensory Cortex.
TEMPORAL: Auditory cortex, Wernicke’s area.
OCCIPITAL: Visual Cortex.

47
Q

Where does voluntary movement from the body get sent from?

A

Voluntary movements of the body are sent FROM the Motor Cortex.

48
Q

Where does sensations from the body get received?

A

Sensations from the body are RECEIVED in the somatosensory cortex.

49
Q

What is neuroplasticity?

A

Neuroplasticity is the ability of the brain’s neural structure or function to be changed by an experience throughout an lifespan.

50
Q
A
51
Q

What does sprouting mean?

A

Sprouting refers to the creation of new connections between neurons.

52
Q

What does rerouting?

A

Rerouting involves an undamaged neuron that has lost connection with a damaged neuron connecting with another neuron.

53
Q

What is Acquired brain injury (ABI)?

A

It is any brain damage or injury that occurs after birth.

54
Q

What is traumatic brain injury? Give an example.

A

It is a type of ABI caused by an external force, such as a concussion from a car crash.

55
Q

What is a non-traumatic brain injury? Give an example.

A

It is a type of ABI caused by an internal force, such as a stroke.

56
Q

What is Broca’s aphasia?

A

It is a language disorder that involves difficulty with speech production.

57
Q

What is Wernicke’s aphasia?

A

It is a language disorder involving difficulties understanding spoken or written language and speaking in a meaningful way.

58
Q

What is a stroke?

A

A stroke happens when blood supply to part of the brain is interrupted.

59
Q

What is CTE? And how is it caused?

A

CTE is a progressive brain degeneration and fatal condition thought to be caused by repeated blows to the head and repeated episodes of concussion.

60
Q

What are some symptoms of CTE?

A

Personality changes, memory loss, confusion, impaired judgment, impulse control problems, aggression, depression, anxiety, suicidality.

61
Q

What are the four stages of CTE?

A

Stage one: headaches and loss of concentration and attention.
Stage two: depression, explosivity and short-term memory loss.
Stage three: Executive dysfunction and cognitive impairment.
Stage four: dementia, word-finding difficulty and aggression.

62
Q

What is the treatment for CTE?

A

There is no cure for CTE but good diet, regular exercise and memory exercises is recommended.

63
Q

What is a limitation of a case study?

A

It can not be generalised to the population.

64
Q

What part of the body have the most sensory receptors?

A

Hands and mouth have the most sensory receptors.

65
Q

Where are the specialist areas located? (what lobes?)

A

Frontal: Motor cortex, Broca’s area
Parietal: Somatosensory cortex
Temporal: auditory cortex, Wernicke’s area.
Occipital: visual cortex

66
Q

What does the medulla do?

A

Medulla controls vital organs and vital body functions such as swallowing, breathing heart rate.

67
Q

What does the somatosensory cortex do?

A

Its primary function is to detect sensory information from the body regarding temperature, touch, texture, and pain.

Psychology (6 decks)

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