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Psychology > EOY EXAM > Flashcards

EOY EXAM Flashcards

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1
Q

what is population?

A

population (in research) the entire group of research interest from which a sample is drawn

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2
Q

what is a sample?

A

sample the subset or part of the population that is selected for a research investigation

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3
Q

What is sampling?

A

sampling process of selecting participants from a population of research interest

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4
Q

What is a variable?

A

variable is something that can change in amount or type and is measurable

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5
Q

what is an IV?

A

independent variable is the variable that is manipulated or changed by the experimenter

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6
Q

What is DV?

A

dependent variable is the variable is the variable being measured by the researcher

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7
Q

What is debreifing?

A

debriefing is an ethical guideline requiring that at the end of the experiment, the participant leaves understanding the experimental aim, results and conclusions including wellbeing checks where appropriate

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8
Q

What is a aim and how do you start one?

A

Aim is a statement outlining the purpose of a research investigation
‘to investigate….

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9
Q

What does integrity mean?

A

integrity means the commitment to being honest with your results and findings.

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10
Q

What is the difference between a psychologists and a psychiatrists?

A

Psychologist does a minimum of 6 years at uni and can not prescribe medication.
WHEREAS
Psychiatrist does a minimum of 11 years at uni and can prescribe medication to the patient.

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11
Q

What does nature mean?

A

Heredity (Nature) Unique, genetic material passed down from biological parents to their offsprings.

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12
Q

What does nurture mean?

A

Environmental (Nurture) All the experiences, objects and events which we are exposed to throughout the lifespan.

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13
Q

What does attachment mean?

A

attachment is the emotional bond which forms between an infant and another person

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14
Q

What does maladaptive behaviour mean?

A

maladaptive behaviour any behaviour that interferes with a person’s ability to successfully adjust to the environment and fulfil their typical roles in society;

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15
Q

What is the biopsychosocial model?

A

biopsychosocial model is an approach to explaining how bio, psych and social factors combine and interact to influence an individual’s behaviour and mental processes, including mental wellbeing

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16
Q

What does heuristics mean?

A

heuristic is a mental shortcut for solving a problem or making a decision that is based on experience

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17
Q

What does attribution mean

A

attribution is the process by which we explain the cause of our own or another person’s behaviour

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18
Q

What does obedience mean?

A

obedience is following the commands of someone with authority, or the rules or laws of our society

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19
Q

What does conformity

A

conformity is the tendency to adjust one’s thoughts, feelings or behaviour so that they become more consistent with those of others or with accepted standards about how a person should behave in certain situations (social norms)

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20
Q

What does attention mean?

A

attention is the process of focusing on specific stimuli whilst ignoring and therefore excluding others

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21
Q

What does social cognition mean?

A

social cognition is how we interpret, analyse, remember and use information to make judgements about others in different social situations

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22
Q

What is cognitive bias?

A

cognitive bias is a mistaken way of thinking that leads to systematic errors of judgment and faulty decision-making

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23
Q

What is a supertaster?

A

People who genetically have more papillae than an normal person.

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24
Q

What is an outlier?

A

Outlier an extreme measurement, one that significantly differs from all others in a data set

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25
Q

What does accuracy mean?

A

Accuracy how close a measurement relates to the ‘true’ value of the quantity being measured.

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26
Q

What does precision mean?

A

Precision how closely a set of measurement values agree with each other

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27
Q

What is internal validity?

A

internal validity is the extent to which an investigation actually investigated what it set out to investigate

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28
Q

What is qualitative data?

A

qualitative data is non-numerical information involving the ‘qualities’ or characteristics of a participant’s experience of what is being studied

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29
Q

What is quantitative data?

A

quantitative data is numerical information about the ‘quantity’ or amount of what is being studied

30
Q

What is generalisation mean?

A

Generalisation in research, a decision about how widely the findings of an investigation can be applied, particularly to other members of the population from which the sample was drawn.

31
Q

What is stranded deviation?

A

standard deviation a statistic that summarises how far scores within a set of scores spread out, or ‘deviate’, from the mean for those scores

32
Q

What is a critical period?

A

Are narrow periods of development in which a skill or function MUST be learnt otherwise these functions will never be fully developed

33
Q

What is sensitive period?

A

A flexible period of time in development when you are more responsive to learning

34
Q

What is a visual illusions?

A

visual illusion is a misperception of external visual stimuli that occurs as a result of a mistake when interpreting the stimuli

35
Q

What is the muller-lyer illusion?

A

Müller-lyer illusion a visual illusion in which one of two lines of equal length, each of which has opposite shaped ends, is incorrectly perceived as being longer than the other

36
Q

What does synaesthesia? Give an example.

A

synaesthesia is a perceptual experience in which stimulation of one sense involuntarily produces additional sensations in another.
Example: linking colours to numbers and letters.

37
Q

What is spatial neglect?

A

spatial neglect is a neurological disorder whereby individuals are unable to notice anything either on their left or right side even though there may be no sensory loss; also called visual neglect

Most commonly observed in stroke or accident victims

38
Q

What is prejudice?

A

means holding a negative attitude towards the members of a group, based solely on their membership of the group.

39
Q

What is discrimination?

A

discrimination is when a person or a social group is treated differently than others
ARISE from prejudice

40
Q

What is neuroplasticity?

A

neuroplasticity is the ability of the brains neural structure or function to be changed by an experience throughout the lifespan.

41
Q

What is ADHD?

A

attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is a neurodevelopmental disorder involving a consistent pattern of inattention, and/or hyperactive-impulsive behaviour that affects development or everyday functioning.

42
Q

What is CTE?

A

chronic traumatic encephalopathy (CTE) a progressive brain degeneration and fatal condition thought to be caused by repeated blows to the head and repeated episodes of concussion

43
Q

What does cognitive dissonance mean?

A

cognitive dissonance is the feeling discomfort felt when a person acts in a way that is inconsistent with their attitude or perception of themselves.

44
Q

What is gestalt principles?

A

Gestalt principle a way in which we see a stimulus as a whole

45
Q

What does binocular depth cues mean?

A

binocular depth cue the use of both eyes working together in order to provide information to the brain about depth and distance

46
Q

What is accommodation in Piaget’s theory?

A

accommodation in Piaget’s theory, changing a pre-existing mental idea to fit new information

47
Q

What is accommodation in visual perception?

A

accommodation is a monocular depth cue involving the automatic focusing of the lens in the eye to adjust shape in response to changes in the distance of view from an object.

48
Q

What is the best ways to make an experiment more valid.

A

random allocation- everyone has a change of getting into a group

random sampling

change your experimental design (between to with-in)

49
Q

What leads to prejudice?

A

stigma (a negative label associated with disapproval by others who are not labelled in that way) and stereotype ( a collection of beliefs that we have about the people who belong to a certain group)

50
Q

What are the 4 gestalt principles?

A

Proximity principle
Similarity
Figure-ground
Closure

51
Q

What is the proximity in relation to gestalt principles?

A

It is the tendency to perceive parts of a visual image which are position close together as belonging together in a group

52
Q

What is similarity in relation to gestalt principles?

A

It is tendency to perceive parts of a visual image that have similar features as belonging together in a group

53
Q

What is figure ground in relation to gestalt principles?

A

It is the tendency to see some figure as being at the front and others falling into the background.

54
Q

What is closure in relation to gestalt principles?

A

the process of mentally completing a visually incomplete object by subjectively filling in any gaps or contours to perceive the whole form/

55
Q

What are the biological factors that affect Gustatory perception?

A

Genetics- genetic difference make us more or less sensitive to the chemical molecules in foods

Age- infants start off with less tastebuds but as they grow up the number steadily increases during childhood until total is reached.

56
Q

What are the psychological factors that affect Gustatory perception?

A

Memory- gradually learn and remember information about range of aspect of the foods we eat

Appearance- we often taste what we expect to taste, use appearance to see if food is safe to eat.

Food packaging- can influence our perception of the taste by the labels, brands and packaging.

57
Q

What is the social factors that affect Gustatory perception?

A

Culture- What is perceived as tasting yummy or bad varies in different cultures.

58
Q

What structures are in the hindbrain? What do each do?

A

Pons- regulates your sleep (going to sleep, waking up, dreams)
Medulla- vital functions (swallowing, breathing, heart rate)
Cerebellum- regulates coordination movements (posture, balance)

59
Q

What is in the midbrain?

A

Reticular formation- connects upper and low areas of the brain (alertness also)

60
Q

What is in the fore brain?

A

Hypothalamus- virtual roles in maintain bodies internal environment, hormones
Thalamus- filters info from sense receptor site
Cerebrum- responsible for think, feel, move, perception (most for forebrain)

61
Q

What is left side of the brain responsible for?

A

L-LANGUAGE
Verbal functions, reading, writing, speaking and understanding speech.

Body movements on the RIGHT side

62
Q

What is right side of the brain responsible for?

A

CREATIVE SIDE

Spatial and visual thinking
completing jigsaw, reading a map, appreciation of music and art.

Body movements on the LEFT side

63
Q

What are the four types of attachment in the strange situation test?

A

Secure attachment a balance between dependence and exploration, use the caregiver as a safe base and will show destress when they depart.

Insecure avoidant attachment doesn’t seek closeness or contact with the caregiver and treats them much as stranger, rarely cries when they depart.

Insecure resistant attachment anxious when caregiver is near, upset when they leave and upset when they return, the infant is unsure what they want from their caregiver.

Disorganised attachment inconsistent or odd and behaviours by a separated from or reunited with a caregiver

64
Q

Why is a convenient sample bad?

A

Because it has no effort to represent the wider population

65
Q

Culturally responsive practices?

A

psychologist, psychiatrist or doctor need to be culturally accepting, need to be respectful of practices, language, and background so that they are culturally respectful/respectable e/g getting a translator

66
Q

What is a case study?

A

An in-depth study on a particular activity, event or problem based on an individual

67
Q

What are the four lobes

A

Frontal, Partial, Temporal, Occipital

68
Q

What is the frontal lobe in control of?

A

voluntary bodily movements
perform complex mental functions
Attention
Personality
Control of emotions/ Expression of emotional behaviour
Coordinates many of the functions of other lobes

69
Q

Where is the broca’s area located and what is it?

A

Left side of the frontal lobe.
It is crucial role in the production of articulate speech; that is speech that is clean and fluent.

70
Q

What does the parietal lobe do?

A

Receives & processes sensory information from body and skin senses

71
Q

Where is the Primary Somatosensory Cortex located and what does it do?

A

It is located at the front of the parietal lobe.
It receives and processes sensory information from the skin and body, enabling us to perceive bodily sensations.

72
Q
A

Psychology (7 decks)

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