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Psychology > Unit 2 AOS1 > Flashcards

Unit 2 AOS1 Flashcards

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1
Q

What is social cognition?

A

It is how we interpret, analyse, remember and use information to make judgement’s about others in different social situation.

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2
Q

What is personal perception?

A

it is the mental processes we use to form impressions and draw conclusions about personal characteristics of other people.

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3
Q

Why is personal perception important?

A

Can be important when interacting with strangers (keeps you safe!)

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4
Q

What is the halo effect?
Give an example.

A

A cognitive bias in which the impression we form about on quality in a person, leads us to expectations and beliefs in another quality.

Assuming a pretty person is kind.

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5
Q

Salience Detection

A

It is used to describe characteristics that stand out in a specific situation and are therefore more easily detected.

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6
Q

What is attribution?

A

It is the process in which people explain the causes of their own and other peoples behaviour.

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7
Q

What are the two catergories for attribution?
Explain them.

A

INTERNAL ATTRABUTION: explaining behaviour in terms of characteristics of the person involved, such as personality, ability, attitude, mood, motivation or effort.

EXTERNAL ATTRABUTION:
explaining behaviour due to the factors of the situation, such as the actions of others, the task, environment, luck or fate.

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8
Q

Using a example explain the difference between internal and external attribution.

A

You failed a test.
Internal: didn’t put in enough effort in to understanding it.
External: the teacher did not explain it to me.

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9
Q

What is the fundamental attribution error?

A

The tendency to overestimate the influence of personal factors and underestimate the impact of situational factors on other people’s behaviour.

basically attributes a person’s behaviour to internal rather than external factors.

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10
Q

What is actor-observer bias?

What is an example?

A

The tendency to attribution our own behaviour to external causes, yet attribute the behaviour of others to internal factors.

for examples: blaming Emily’s 40% mark on a psych test due to a lack of study but my 41% score was due to a difficult paper.

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11
Q

What is self-serving bias?

A

It is when judging ourselves, we tend to take credit for our successes and attribute failures to situational factors.

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12
Q

What is a attitude?

A

An attitude is an evaluation a person makes about an object, person, group or event/issue.

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13
Q

How are attitudes formed?

A

Experiences

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14
Q

What is the tri-component model of attitude?

A

A way to explain attitudes. it proposes that attitude has 3 related components.

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15
Q

What are the three components of the model?

A

Affective component
Behavioural component
Cognitive component.

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16
Q

What is affective component?
Give an example.

A

Affective component refers to an emotional reactions or feelings an individual has towards an object, person, group, event or issue.
eg. I hate maths.

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17
Q

What is behavioural component?
Give an example.

A

Behaviour component refers to the way an attitude is expressed through our actions.
eg. running to keep fit which is a behavioural component that reflects your attitude towards fitness.

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18
Q

What is cognitive component?
Give an example.

A

Cognitive component refers to the beliefs we have about an object, person, group, event or issue.
eg. You think dogs are a good companion.

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19
Q

Give an example of consistency throughout the tri-model.

A

A: I love dogs
B: might buy a dog and hang our with it all the time
C: you think dogs make a good companion.

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20
Q

Give an example of inconsistency throughout the tri-model.

A

A: you dislike drinking
C: you think that drinking is bad for you
B: you drink because your friends do.

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21
Q

What is a limitation of the tri-model?

A

There can be a inconsistency between the three components.

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22
Q

What is a stereotype?

A

it is a collection of beliefs that we have about the people who belong to a certain group (such as age group , gender, or race), regardless of the individual differences.

23
Q

What is stereotyping?

A

the process of grouping or ‘fitting’ people into a category based on what we know.

24
Q

What do stereotypes lead to?

A

They lead to stigma, prejudice or both.

25
Q

What is social stigma?

A

It is a negative label associated with disapproval or rejection by others who are not labelled in that way.

26
Q

What is cognitive dissonance?

A

It is the feeling of discomfit when a person acts in a way that is inconstant with their attitude or perception of themselves.

27
Q

What is prejudice?

A

Prejudice is holing a negative attitude towards the members of a group, based solely on their membership of the group.

28
Q

What does prejudice lead to?

A

prejudice leads to discrimination

29
Q

What are the two types of prejudice?
Explain them.

A

prejudice in history (old-fashion): people in the majority group OPENLY reject people in the minority group.

modern prejudice: more SUBTLE, hidden and expressed in wats that is more likely to be accepted within the majority group.

30
Q

Explicit VS Implicit

A

Explicit is prejudice that is consciously held and usually deliberately.
Implicit is prejudice that is unconsciously held. (unaware)

31
Q

What is discrimination?

A

a behaviour that arises from the attitude of prejudice.

32
Q

What is indirect discrimination?
Give an example.

A

Indirect occurs when treating everybody in the same way disadvantages someone because of a personal characteristics.
For example: having no disability ramp into the public swimming pool.

33
Q

What is direct discrimination?
Give an example.

A

Direct when someone is treated unfairly and is disadvantaged because of a personal characteristic protected by the law.
For example: telling someone they can’t use the public pool because their looks may upset others.

34
Q

What are the forms of discriminations?

A

Sexism, Agism, Racist

35
Q

What is status?

A

It is the importance of an individual’s position in a group, as perceived by members of the group.

36
Q

What is power?

A

Power refers to an individual’s (or group) ability to control or influence the thoughts, feelings or behaviour of another person (or group).

37
Q

What are the types of power?

A

reward power, coercive power, legitimate power, referent power, expert power, information power.

38
Q

What is reward power?

A

Reward power is the ability to remove a negative consequence or give a positive consequence in response to a specific behaviour.
BOSS

39
Q

What is coercive power?

A

Coercive power is the ability to remove a positive consequence or give a negative consequence in response to a specific behaviour
TEACHER

40
Q

What is legitimate power?

A

It is when an individual’s status/position in a group, organisation, or society in general gives them right (authority) to exercise power over those with a lower status.
POLICE OFFICER

41
Q

What is referent power?

A

It is when an individuals identify with or want to be like this person.
TAYLOR SWIFT

42
Q

What is expert power?

A

It is having specific/special knowledge and skills that are desirable or needed.
PILOT

43
Q

What is information power?

A

It is having resources or information that are useful and are not available elsewhere.
SOMEONE HAVING A SPECIFIC EXPERIENCE

44
Q

What is group thinking?

A

Group thinking occurs when people’s desire to maintain group loyalty becomes more important than making the best choices.

45
Q

What is group polarisation?

A

It is the tendency of an individual group member to shift their initially held views to a more extreme position.

46
Q

What is social comparison?

A

It is the process of evaluating our attitudes and abilities by comparing ourselves to others.

47
Q

What is deindividuation?

A

It is when a person’s identity within a group overrides their own identity and self-awareness.

48
Q

What is obedience?
What are the factors that affect it?

A

Obedience occurs when we follow the commands of someone with authority, or the rules or laws of our society.
Factors:
- status of authority
- proximity
- group pressure

49
Q

What is conformity?

A

It involves changing one’s behaviour to match the responses or actions of others. (no pressure is needed)

50
Q

Heuristics?

A

Heuristics: mental shortcuts we use to make quicker, more efficient decisions.

51
Q

Availability heuristics

A

Availability heuristic: a mental shortcut in which we use the information that we first think of to make a judgement.

52
Q

Fundamental attribution error

A

Fundamental attribution error is the tendency to overestimate the influence of personal factors and underestimate the impact of situational factors on other people’s behaviour.

53
Q
A

Psychology (7 decks)

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