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Psychology 1/2 > UNIT 2 aos 3 - social influences on behaviour > Flashcards

UNIT 2 aos 3 - social influences on behaviour Flashcards

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1
Q

Define group

A

Two or more people who interact with each other, are influenced by each other and who share a common purpose.

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2
Q

Define power

A

Is the ability a person has to get someone else to do something for them.

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3
Q

What are the six types of group power

A
  • coercive power
  • reward power
  • information power
  • legitimate power
  • expert power
  • referent power
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4
Q

What is coercive power?

A

Power deriving from the ability of a person to provide an unpleasant response.

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5
Q

What is reward power?

A

Power deriving from the ability of a person to provide the desired response

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6
Q

What is information power?

A

A power that derives from knowledge of a person that can’t be found somewhere else.

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7
Q

What is legitimate power?

A

A power that derives from a higher authority.

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8
Q

What is expert power?

A

A power deriving from a persons understanding and problem-solving ability in a certain area.

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9
Q

What is referent power?

A

Power deriving from a person’s desire to be like the person with power.

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10
Q

Define leadership

A

The ability to manage or regulate other people. But its more than ‘power’ and there are different styles of leadership.

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11
Q

What are the three types of leadership?

A
  • democratic
  • authoritarian
  • laissez- faire
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12
Q

What is democratic leadership?

A

A style of leadership where the leader negotiates decisions with the group.

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13
Q

What is authoritarian leadership?

A

A style of leadership where the leader actively makes all decisions and has control over the group

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14
Q

What is laissez-faire power?

A

‘Leader’ is present but takes no part in the group dynamics or decision making. There is no real structure or authority

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15
Q

What is meta-analysis?

A

A type of research that looks at the results of many other similar studies and combines all the findings.

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16
Q

What are the seven factors affecting conformity?

A
  • unanimity
  • normative influence
  • social loafers
  • culture
  • group size
  • informational influence
  • deindividualisation
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17
Q

How does unanimity affect conformity?

A

If one of the Confederates did not conform with the group, the conformity rate dropped.

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18
Q

How does a normative influence affect conformity?

A

Simply refers to a persons tendency to go along with the group so that they will fit in and gain approval of other group members.

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19
Q

How does a social loafer affect conformity?

A

The tendency of an individual to reduce their effort when working in a group compared with when they are working alone.

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20
Q

How does culture affect conformity?

A

Studies found that different countries had different results in their levels of conformity, due to them being a part of either an individualist or a collectivist culture.

21
Q

How does group size affect conformity?

A

Conformity tends to increase as the size of the group increases up to 3 or 4 people, then it remains the same.

22
Q

How does informational influence affect conformity?

A

The tendency to conform when the participant wants to provide a correct response but is not certain of their ability to do so.

23
Q

How does deindividualisation affect conformity?

A

A sense of anonymity and loss of individuality. It is a situation in which individuals may commit anti-social acts.

24
Q

What is helping behavior and some examples?

A

Helping behaviour is also known as pro-social behaviour. It is behaviour which benefits other people and society in general. For example

  • assisting
  • cooperation
  • friendship
  • rescuing
  • sacrificing
  • sharing
  • sympathy
25
Q

What are the four factors that influence helping behaviour?

A
  • situation characteristics
  • social norms
  • personal characteristics of helper
  • alturism
26
Q

Explain situation characteristics in relation to the factors that influence helping behaviour?

A

If a situation is a clear-cut need for help, it is more likely that people will assist. If the situation is ambiguous, then help might not be forthcoming. Also, the environmental setting can also influence the likelihood of help being offered, for example danger, emergency.

27
Q

Explain social norms in relation to the factors that influence helping behaviour, and the two main norms that influence the behaviour?

A

Generally, most society’s regard pro-social behaviour as normal, especially when there is minimal cost to the helper. The two main norms that influence the behaviour are:

  • reciprocity principle
  • social responsibity norm
28
Q

What is the reciprocity principle?

A

Is often expressed as ‘do unto others as they do unto you’, because it describes the social expectation of reciprocity between people.

29
Q

What is the social responsibility norm?

A

Is where members of a society are expected to provide help to people who are dependent or in need. For example donating to a charity.

30
Q

Explain personal characteristics of the helper in relation to the factors that influence helping behaviour, and the three types of characteristics?

A

A persons characteristics can influence their pro-social behaviour. These include

  • empathy
  • mood
  • competence
31
Q

How does empathy affect pro-social behaviour?

A

Empathy is our emotional response to another’s distress. We find it unpleasant to see another person suffering, so we take action to help and stop suffering.

32
Q

How does mood affect pro-social behaviour?

A

A person’s mood has been found to influence their willingness to behave in pro-social way. Generally, people who are in a good mood are more likely to demonstrate pro-social behaviour than people in a bad mood.

33
Q

How does competence affect pro-social behaviour?

A

The way bystanders percieve their competence, or ability/capability to deal with an emergency will influence whether they will provide help.

34
Q

What is altruism in relation to helping behaviour?

A

Altruism is a unique influence on pro-social behaviour where, for no personal gain, and sometimes at great personal cost, a person helps others due to a deeply felt concern for fellow human beings.

35
Q

Define and explain the bystander intervention effect

A

The bystander intervention effect or bystander effect is where the likelihood of bystanders helping in an emergency situation is influenced by the number of bystanders present at the scene. The more bystanders there are, the less likely it is that one of them will provide help because the bystander will expect that someone else will intervene instead.

36
Q

What are the five stages of the decision-making model of helping?

A
  1. Noticing the need for help
  2. Deciding that it is an emergency
  3. Deciding to take responsibility
  4. Deciding on a way to help
  5. Take action to help.
37
Q

Explain the Latane and Darley 1970 study?

A

The Latane and Darley 1970 study was an experiment in which volunteer students were placed in individual cubicles connected by an intercom. One of the volunteers, who was a confederate, pretended to have a seizure. The researchers found that the larger the group, the less likely it was that group members would seek help.

38
Q

Explain Latane and Darley 1968 study?

A

The researchers asked volunteers to fill out questionnaires, and after they had started the room started to fill with artificial smoke. The results showed that people might fail to act even if their own safety if at risk.

39
Q

Why does the bystander effect occur?

A
  • diffusion of responsibility
  • audience inhibition
  • social influence
  • the proximity of the victim
  • nature of the bystander
40
Q

What is diffusion of responsibility?

A

The presence of others leads each bystander to feel less responsibility for helping the person in need.

41
Q

What is audience inhibition?

A

The presence of other bystanders can make potential helpers feel self-conscious and less likely to help.`

42
Q

What is a social influence?

A

The reaction of other bystanders will influence the likelihood of help, for example, if the crowd looks unconcerned, then the potential helpers might not perceive the situation as needing help.

43
Q

What is the proximity of the victim?

A

The proximity of the victim to the bystander influences the action of the potential helper. The greater the distance, the less responsible a person feels.

44
Q

What is the nature of the bystander?

A

The nature of the bystander can influence the potential to help. This includes an individual’s past experience of helping behaviour, awareness of norms, level of moral development, personality, similarity to the victim, relationship to the victim and mood at the time of the incident.

45
Q

Define bullying

A

Bullying is a form of aggressive behaviour where one person intentionally and repeatedly causes another person injury or discomfort.

46
Q

What are different types of bullying?

A
  • physical - when a person is constantly abused physically
  • verbal - when a person is constantly abused verbally
  • relational - where someones social status is ruined
  • cyberbullying - bullying on the internet
47
Q

What is the effect of bullying on psychological functioning?

A

Bullying can have long-term effects on the victim. They may suffer from:

  • anxiety
  • stress
  • suicidal thoughts
  • depression
  • low self-esteem
  • panic attacks
48
Q

What are the positive influences of media on individuals and groups?

A
  • culture and political awareness
  • social skills development
  • media literacy
  • access to new items in ‘real time’.
49
Q

What are the negative influences of media on individuals and groups?

A
  • distraction
  • negative health consequences
  • social isolation
  • privacy at risk

Psychology 1/2 (8 decks)

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