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Psychology 1/2 > UNIT 2 aos 1 - sensations and perception > Flashcards

UNIT 2 aos 1 - sensations and perception Flashcards

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1
Q

What are the five senses?

A
  • seeing
  • hearing
  • smelling
  • touching
  • tasting
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2
Q

What are the five sense organs and the type of energy?

A
  • eyes = light energy
  • ears = sound energy
  • nose =chemical energy
  • skin = kinetic energy
  • toungue/ mouth = chemical energy
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3
Q

Define sensation

A

The process by which the sense organs or receptors receive information about the environment, and transmit it to the brain.

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4
Q

Define perception

A

The process by which the brain organises and interprets the incoming sensory information.

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5
Q

What is the absolute threshold?

A

The absolute threshold is the minimum amount of stimulus energy needed for an observer to perceive a stimulus, in ideal conditions 50% of the time.

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6
Q

What is the absolute threshold for hearing?

A

The ticking of a watch 6 meters away.

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7
Q

What are the six stages of sensation and perception?

A 
R eception
T ransduction
T ransmission
S election
O rganisation
 I  nterpretation
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8
Q

What is the stage of reception?

A

Stimulus energy is collected by the sense organ

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9
Q

What is the stage of transduction?

A

The energy is converted to electrochemical impulses

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10
Q

What is the stage of transmission?

A

The impulses are sent to the primary sensory cortex

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11
Q

What is the stage of selection?

A

Our brain picks out the stimuli that is important to us

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12
Q

What is the stage of organisation?

A

Our brain makes sense of information

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13
Q

What is the stage of interpretation?

A

The stimulus is given meaning based on our past experiences, motives, values and contex

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14
Q

What are cones?

A

Cones are types of photoreceptor cells which

  • see colour
  • detailed vision
  • straight on
  • 6500000 in the eye
  • concentrated in the middle of the eye
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15
Q

What are rods?

A

Rods are types of photoreceptor cells which

  • only see black and white
  • see the low light vision
  • see peripheral vision
  • concentrated at the edges of the retina
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16
Q

How many taste buds does the tongue have?

A

10,000

17
Q

What are the five types of taste

A
  • sweet
  • sour
  • bitter
  • salty
  • inami
18
Q

What are the two visual constancies?

A
  • size constancy

- shape constancy

19
Q

Explain size constancy

A

Recognises that an object actually stays the same size, even though the size on the retina changes

20
Q

Explain shape constancy

A

Perceive an object as maintaining its shape despite changes in shape on the retina

21
Q

What are the four gestalt principles?

A
  • similarity
  • proximity
  • figure-ground
  • closure
22
Q

Explain the gestalt principle of similarity

A

Where we tend to group objects together that look alike

23
Q

Explain the gestalt principle of proximity

A

The tendency to perceive parts of a visual stimulus that are positioned close together as belonging to the same group

24
Q

Explain the gestalt principle of figure-ground

A

We organise by separating the important aspects of the visual field into ‘foreground’ and ‘background’.

25
Q

Explain the gestalt principle of closure

A

The tendency for our brain to mentally fill in the gaps of an image.

26
Q

What are the two types of depth perception?

A
  • binocular depth cues

- monocular depth cues

27
Q

What are the two types of binocular depth cues?

A
  • retinal disparity

- convergence

28
Q

Explain the binocular depth cue of retinal disparity

A

This fuses the two images of both retinas together in a stereoscopic vision

29
Q

Explain the binocular depth cue of convergence

A

As an object comes closer to us, our eyes turn inwards to keep the object centred on the retina

30
Q

What are the two monocular depth cues

A
  • accommodation

- pictorial depth cues

31
Q

Explain accommodation

A

When the lens of the eye changes shape so that it can focus light rays on the retina

32
Q

Explain and name the pictorial depth cues

A

Are used by artists to create a 3D perception of something that exists on a 2D surface

  • LINEAR PERSPECTIVE - parallel lines converge as they extend along the page to an imaginary point.
  • INTERPOSITION - the partial blocking or obscuring of one object by another
  • TEXTURE GRADIENT - used to make surfaces in a picture appear to recede into the distance
  • RELATIVE SIZE - based on our tendency to perceive the object producing the largest retinal image as being the nearest, and the object producing the smallest retinal image as being the farthest.
  • HEIGHTS IN THE VISUAL FIELD - shows depth by portraying objects as being higher in the visual field
33
Q

What is perceptual set

A

Is a predisposition to perceive stimuli in a specific way, that is interpreting what we see according to certain preconceptions.

34
Q

What are the four factors that affect perceptual set?

A
  • previous experience
  • context
  • motivation
  • emotion
35
Q

What are the factors affecting taste perception?

A

Biological - genetics and age
Psychological - packaging, appearence and education
Social - culture

Psychology 1/2 (8 decks)

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