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Lewis Biology > Unit 2 > Flashcards

Unit 2 Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Give the term applied to a group of similar cells that carry out the same function.

A

Tissue.

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2
Q

Give one example of a tissue from each of the following organisms a plant and human.

A

Plant: Mesophyll, epidermis, xylem, phloem

Human: blood, muscle, nervous

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3
Q

State the meaning of the term organ.

A

Group of tissues working together

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4
Q

Give one example of an organ from the following organisms. Plant and human.

A

Plant:leaf stem, root, flour, fruit

Human: Brain, heart, kidney

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5
Q

Give the meaning of the term system

A

Group of organs working together

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6
Q

Name three different human body systems.

A

Nervous, circulatory, respiratory, digestive, excretory, reproductive, skeletal

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7
Q

What are the main functions of the nervous system

A

The nervous system senses the environment, processes information, responds to the environment.

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8
Q

What is the role of the human reproductive system

A

Produces gametes, allows development of offspring

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9
Q

Give the main functions of the human circulatory system

A

Transports food, transport oxygen, transport wastes, assists in defence

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10
Q

Explain what is meant by the term specialisation as applied to the development of cells

A

Cells change structure; to allow them to carry out a particular function

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11
Q

Describe the organisation in the human body with reference to tissues, organs and systems

A

Cells of the body are organised into tissues; tissues have particular functions; tissues are organised into organ is; organs work together in systems; systems are coordinated to allow survival of the organism

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12
Q

State what is meant by the term specialised, as applied to cells

A

Structure suited to function

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13
Q

Give the general function of all stem cells

A

Divide to produce a supply of cells that can then specialise

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14
Q

Name a type of cell that can be formed when an adult human stem cell specialises

A

Bone cell, muscle cell, skin cell, blood cells

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15
Q

Name the regions of plants where mitosis occurs

A

Meristems

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16
Q

Give the location of a region of mitosis in a plant

A

Shoot tip, root tip, vascular tissues in stem or root

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17
Q

Name to plant tissues that can be formed when plant cells specialise

A

Epidermal, mesophyll

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18
Q

Describe what happens to a stem cell that results in the production of red blood cell in humans

A

Cell division; loses nucleus; develops haemoglobin; becomes dimpled

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19
Q

Describe the similarities and differences between embryonic and adult stem cells

A

Similarity – each can divide, both non-specialised; difference – embryonic can become any cell, adult more limited

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20
Q

Describe the ethical issues surrounding research into human embryonic stem cells

A

Moral principle to improve medicine; moral principle to respect human life; the two principles cannot both be respected in embryonic stem cell research

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21
Q

Name the two parts of the human central nervous system (CNS).

A

Brain and spinal cord

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22
Q

State how information is passed along neurons

A

As electrical impulses

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23
Q

State how neurons are linked in the nervous system

A

Linked at synapses

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24
Q

State the general function of receptors as part of the nervous system

A

Convert stimuli to electrical impulses

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25
Q

Give the importance of the rapid reflex action in humans

A

Protection

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26
Q

Describe the role of the central nervous system in humans

A

Accept information; processes information; response to information

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27
Q

Describe the functions of each of the following parts of the brain Cerebrum, cerebellum, medulla

A

Cerebrum - reasoning, memory, emotions
Cerebellum - balance, co-ordination of movement
Medulla - control of heart rate, breathing rate and peristalsis

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28
Q

Describe the role of each of the following cell types in the nervous system. Sensory neurons, relay neurons, motor neurone

A

Sensory neurons carry electrical impulses to the central nervous system.

Relay neurons transmit electrical impulses from sensory neurons to motor neurone.

Motor neurones transmit electrical impulses to the effectors

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29
Q

Describe what happens when an electrical signal arrives at a synapse.

A

Transmitter molecules are released into gap at synapse; receptors of the next neuron are affected; electrical impulse moves on

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30
Q

Describe the flow of information along a reflex arc

A

Stimuli affect receptors; electrical impulses pass through sensory neurons; processed by relay neurons in spinal-cord; electrical impulses sent to effectors; effectors make response

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31
Q

State the function of the endocrine glands

A

To produce and secrete hormones into the bloodstream

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32
Q

Give two examples of endocrine glands in humans

A

Pancreas, adrenal, Pituitary

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33
Q

State how hormones carry their messages around the body

A

Dissolved into the bloodstream

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34
Q

Give the term applied to cells contain receptors sensitive to a specific hormone

A

Target cells

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35
Q

Name to hormones involved in the control of blood glucose concentration

A

Insulin, glucagon, adrenaline

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36
Q

Give a reason for the increase in individuals with type two diabetes

A

Increased life expectancy: increased consumption of sugar; increase in sedentary lifestyles; increased obesity

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37
Q

Explain how the action of hormones is specific

A

Each foreman has a function not carried out by any others; affects only the receptors on its target organ

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38
Q

Describe the role of the pancreas in the regulation of blood glucose

A

Produces insulin, which causes excess blood glucose to be stored; produces glucagon which causes release of glucose from store

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39
Q

Describe the role of the liver in the regulation of blood glucose

A

Stores excess glucose as glycogen; releases glucose from glycogen

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40
Q

Describe the control of blood glucose concentration in humans

A

Raised glucose triggers insulin release by pancreas; insulin causes liver to convert glucose to glycogen and store it; when glucose levels fall Glucagon released by pancreas; glucagon converts glycogen to glucose

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41
Q

Describe the two types of diabetes

A

Type one appears in childhood; cause by lack of insulin; Type II often appears in overweight individuals; caused by liver receptors not responding to insulin

42
Q

Give the term used to describe the differences that exist between organisms of the same species

A

Variation

43
Q

Give the meaning of the following terms haploid, diploid

A

Haploid is one set of chromosomes in the nucleus diploid is two sets of chromosomes in the nucleus.

44
Q

Name the sites of gamete production and plants

A

Mail – anthers, female – ovaries

45
Q

Name the male and female gametes in plants

A

Male – pollen, female – ovules

46
Q

Name the sites of gamete production in animals

A

Male – testes, female – ovaries

47
Q

Name of the male and female gametes and animal

A

Male – sperm, female – ova

48
Q

Describe the process of fertilisation

A

Fusion of male and female gamete nuclei

49
Q

Explain why body cells are diploid and gametes are haploid

A

Gametes haploid so the fertilisation restores the diploid state

50
Q

Give the term used for a fertilised egg

A

Zygote

51
Q

Now in the process by which diploid cells are maintained as an organism grows

A

Mitosis

52
Q

Describe the differences between a sperm cell and ovum.

A

Sperm cells are tiny and have a tail for swimming; ova are large and have a food supply to feed the early embryo

53
Q

Describe how fertilisation is achieved in a flowering plant

A

Male pollen carried from anthers by wind or insects; pollen arrives on female parts of flower; pollen grows through female tissue to reach the ovary; pollen nucleus fuses with female ovule nucleus

54
Q

Give the term used to describe the differences that exist between organisms of the same species

A

Variation

55
Q

State what is meant by the following terms: continuous variation, discrete variation

A

Continuous variation is variation that shows a range of differences. Discrete variation it’s variation in which the values are clear-cut

56
Q

Give an example of a characteristic in humans that shows continuous variation

A

Height, weight

57
Q

Give an example of a characteristic in humans that shows discrete variation

A

Blood-group, eye colour

58
Q

State what is meant by the term polygenic

A

Controlled by the activity of a group of genes

59
Q

In the human cystic fibrosis examplewhat is the chance that a child of two heterozygous parents would inherit the condition

A

One chance and four or 25% chance

60
Q

Describe the difference between the terms gene and allele

A

Gene codes for a characteristic; allele is a form of a gene

61
Q

Describe the difference between the terms genotype and Phenotype

A

Genotype - statement of alleles of individual; phenotype- outward appearance of individual

62
Q

Describe the difference between the terms homozygous and heterozygous

A

Homozygous, having two alleles the same; heterozygous, having two different alleles

63
Q

Describe the difference between the two dominant and recessive

A

Dominant alleles always show in the phenotype; recessive alleles only show in the phenotype type when homozygous

64
Q

Describe the importance of variation to a species

A

Variation is differences between members of the species; variation is messaging attic and can be inherited; natural selection axon variation; result of natural selection is evolution

65
Q

Give two reasons why plants need a transport system

A

To transport water to leaves for photosynthesis; transport food around the plant

66
Q

Give two examples of substances that need to be transported around a plant

A

Sugar, water, minerals

67
Q

Give the structure of the xylem vessel

A

Narrow, hollow, tube shaped; walls of lignin

68
Q

State the part played by xylem vessels in plant transport

A

Conduct water up from roots towards stems and leaves

69
Q

Name the process by which water vapour evaporates through the stomata of leaves

A

Transpiration

70
Q

State the role of the guard cells in the epidermis of a leaf

A

Can change shape to open and close the stomata, so controlling gas exchange

71
Q

State the role of the phloem tubes in the transport system of a plant

A

Transport sugars around the plants

72
Q

Give three reasons why plants require water

A

Photosynthesis; transport of substances; support for plant; cooling affect of transpiration

73
Q

Describe the uptake of water by plant roots and the role of the root hair cells in the root epidermis in this process

A

Water uptake by osmosis; root hair cells increase the surface area of root epidermis

74
Q

Describe the role of the spongy mesophyll and pulling water through the xylem vessels

A

Do uses water by evaporation to leave airspaces; lowers water concentration in Mesophyll cells; allows water to be drawn into Mesophyll from xylem by osmosis

75
Q

Describe the uptake and movement of water through a plant

A

What are taken into groups by osmosis water passes up the silence any: what are drawn into leaf by osmosis; water evaporates into airspaces in leave; water moves out of leaf to air through stomata

76
Q

State the function of the heart

A

Pumps blood around the body

77
Q

Name the four chambers of the heart

A

Right and left atria, right and left ventricles

78
Q

Name the following blood vessels: vein that pretends deoxygenated blood from the body to the heart. Artery that transports deoxygenated blood from the heart to the lungs. Vein that transports oxygenated blood from the lungs to the heart. Artery that transports oxygenated blood from the heart to the body

A

Vena cava, pulmonary artery, pulmonary vein, aorta

79
Q

State the general role of valves

A

Prevent back flow of blood

80
Q

Name the artery supplies the cardiac muscle of the heart with blood

A

Coronary artery

81
Q

Name the following blood vessels: supplies the liver with blood from the heart, artery that supplies the kidney with blood from the heart, vein that transports blood from the small intestines to the liver

A

Hepatic artery, renal artery, hepatic portal vein

82
Q

Name the red coloured substance in blood and state its function

A

Haemoglobin and it carries oxygen

83
Q

Explain the differences between the muscular wall of the left ventricle and the wall of the right ventricle

A

Left ventricle has a thicker muscular walls on the right; left has to pump blood around the whole body and right ventricle only pumps blood to the lungs

84
Q

Describe the general functions of the following blood vessel types: arteries, veins, capillaries

A

Arteries carry blood from the heart to the organs, veins return blood to the heart from the organs, capillaries exchange substances with tissues

85
Q

Explain how the structure of red blood cells helps them carry out their function

A

Red blood cells have no nucleus which gives extra space inside; they are very small with dimples on each side, which increases the surface area for gas exchange; they contain haemoglobin, which carries oxygen

86
Q

State the function of the rings of cartilage around the main airways

A

Keep airways open

87
Q

Give three features of alveoli that allow efficient gas exchange

A

Large surface area good blood supply thin walls

88
Q

Name the fingerlike projections that line the inside of the small intestines

A

Villi

89
Q

State how glucose and amino acid’s are absorbed by the villi

A

Taken directly into blood in capillaries

90
Q

State how the products of fat digestions are absorbed by the villi

A

Taken directly in to the lacteal

91
Q

State how glucose and amino acid’s are transported around the body

A

Carried in the blood stream

92
Q

State how The products of fat digestion are transported around the body

A

Carried in the lymphatic system

93
Q

Describe the role of the mucus and cilia in the main airways

A

Mucus traps particles; cilia beat and sweep mucus up and out of the breathing system

94
Q

Describe the action of peristalsis

A

Circular muscles relax in front of food; circular muscles contract behind the food and push it along

95
Q

Describe the similarities in the structure and function of the alveoli and the villi

A

Both have a large surface areas; thin walls; moist walls; good blood supply

96
Q

Give three examples of lifestyle choices that can result in health problems

A

High-fat/salt/sugar diet, insufficient exercise, smoking, excessive alcohol intake

97
Q

State what is meant by the term obesity

A

Hi levels of body fat relate to excessive food intake

98
Q

State what is meant by the phrase high blood pressure

A

Blood forced excessively against walls of blood vessels

99
Q

Give two examples of how stress can lead indirectly to health problems

A

Can lead to over eating or eating unhealthy food/smoking/drinking alcohol; can lead to heart-attack///high blood pressure/diabetes

100
Q

Describe health problems that can be linked with any three of the following lifestyle choices: high saturated fat and diet, high salt in the diet, lack of exercise, use of tobacco, abuse of alcohol

A 
Obesity,high cholesterol levels
Raised blood pressure
Obesity,artery blockage diabetes 
Heart disease cancers
Liver disease

Lewis Biology (11 decks)

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