Unit 2 Flashcards
Arteries
The arteries carry oxygen rich blood away from the heart, they are under a great deal of pressure during contractions
Capillaries
Oxygen rich blood is emptied from the arteries into microscopically small capillaries which supply every cell in body
Veins
Blood that has been depleted of oxygen and loaded with carbon dioxide and other wastes in the capillaries empties in the veins, under much less pressure than blood in an artery
Blood has several functions
Transportation of gases Nutrition Excretion Protection Regulation
Hemorrhage
Bleeding, especially severe bleeding
Arterial bleeding
Blood coming from heart bright red color, well oxygenated
Venous bleeding
Has less pressure behind it than arterial bleeding darker in color and flows steadily rather than spurt
Three types of bleeding
Arteries- spurting blood, pulsating flow, bright red color
Veins-steady, slow flow, dark red color
Capillaries- slow even flow
Signs of shock
Altered mental status- brain is not receiving oxygen
Pale, cool, and clammy skin-when low on blood, the body pulls blood from non vital areas and brings it to skin
Nausea and vomiting
Vital sign changes- blood pressure will change to pump blood,resparations to increase oxygen, blood pressure drop
Direct pressure
First step in bleeding control, done with gloved hand, dressing and gloved hand
Hemostatic agents
Products designed to enhance direct pressures ability to control breathing
Tourniquet
Used for bleeding control that constricts all blood flow to and from an extremity
Splinting
Bleeding with a musculoskeletal injury may be controlled by proper splinting of the injury
Compensated shock
When the patient is developing shock but the body is still able to maintain perfusion
Decompensated shock
When the body can no longer compensate for low blood volume
Hypovolemic shock
Shock results from blood or fluid loss
Neurogenic shock
Due to nerve paralysis resulting in the dilation of blood vessels
Contusion
A bruise
Hematoma
Swelling caused by the collection of blood under the skin or in damaged tissues as a result of an injured or broken blood vessel
Abrasions
Simple scrapes and scratches in which the outer skin is damaged but not all layers are penetrated
Lacerations
A cut
Avulsion
Flaps of skin and tissues are torn loose or pulled off completely
Internal bleeding
Bleeding that occurs inside the body
Damage to internal organs and large blood vessels can result in loss of large quantity of blood
Blood loss cannot be seen
Can occur to injuries to the extremities can cause enough tissue to damage and cause shock
Signs of internal bleeding
Injuries to surface of body Bruising Painful swollen or deformed extremities Bleeding from the mouth, rectum, vagina or other body orifice Tender, rigid or distended abdomen Dark tarry stools
Causes of shock
Heart fails as a pump
Blood volume is lost
Blood vessels dilate
DCAPP BTLS
Deformity- bones Contusion- bruise Abrasions- scratch Penetrations Paradoxical motion-uneven rise and fall of chest
Burns
Tenderness
Laceration-cut
Swelling
Chest injuries
Blunt trauma
Penetration of objects
Compression
Flail chest
Fracture of two or more adjacent ribs in two or more places that allows for free movement of the fractured segment
Sucking chest wound
The patient has a wound to the chest
Patient may be gasping for air
Pneumothorax
Air in the chest cavity
Tension pneumothorax
Air that enters the chest is prevented from escaping
Traumatic asphyxia
Sudden compression of the chest the sternum and the ribs except severe pressure on the heart
Cardiac tamponade
When an injury to the heart causes blood flow into the surrounding pericardial sac
Commotio cordis
An impact to the chest when the heart is most vulnerable
Crush injury
Solid organs like liver and spleen contain large amounts of blood when crushed they bleed and cause shock
Puncture wound
Penetration of the skin, bullets, nails, ice picks, knives
Avulsions
Tearing away or tearing off of a piece or flap of skin or soft tissue
Treating amputations
Take steps to control hemorrhage
Wrap in sterile dressing
Do not immerse amputated part directly in water or saline
Burns
Classified and evaluated in three ways
By agent and source
By depth
By severity
Agents and sources of burns
Thermal- flame, radiation,excessive heat
Chemicals- various acids
Electricity- alternating current, direct current
Light-intense light sources
Radiological- nuclear sources
Superficial burn
A burn that involves only the epidermis
Partial thickness burn
A burn in which the epidermis is burned through and the dermis is damaged
Full thickness
A burn on which all layers of the skin are damaged usually areas that are charred black or areas that are dry and white
Rule of nines
Method for estimating the extent of a burn 9 percent of the body surface
Head, neck, chest, upper extremity, abdomen etc the remaining 1 percent is assigned to genital region
Minor burns
Full thickness burns less than 2 percent of body surface, excluding the face hands feet genitalia
Partial thickness burns of less than 15 percent of body
Superficial burns of 50 percent of the body surface or less
Universal dressing
A bulky dressing to profuse the bleeding or when large wound must be covered
Pressure dressing
A dressing applied tightly to control bleeding
Occlusive dressing
Any dressing that forms an airtight seal
Hemothorax
Chest cavity fills with blood
Hemopneumothorax
Chest cavity fills with both blood and air
Evisceration
An intestine or other internal organ protruding through a wound in the abdomen
Direct force
Person being struck by automobile causing crushed tissue or fractures twisting or rotational forces can cause stretching or tearing of muscle and ligaments
Indirect force
People fall from heights and land on their feet cause injuries to knees, femurs, pelvis and spinal columns
Traction splint
Splint that applies constant pull along the leg to go stabilize the fractured bone and reduce muscle spasms
Sprain
Caused by stretching or tearing of ligaments
Strain
Caused by overstretching or overexertion of the muscle
Signs and symptoms of musculoskeletal injuries
Pain and tenderness Deformity Grating Swelling Bruising Exposed bone ends Joints locked into
Comminuted fracture
A fracture in which the bone is broken in several places
Green stick fracture
An incomplete fracture
6 Ps of assessing compromise to an extremity
Pain or tenderness Pallor( pale skin) Paresthsia " pins and needles" Pulses diminished or absent Paralysis or inability to move Pressure
Direct injuries
Brain being lacerated punctured or bruised by the broken bones or foreign object
Indirect injuries
Shock of impact on the skull is transferred to the brain
Traumatic brain injury
Injury that disrupts the normal functioning of the brain
Perfusion
The supply of oxygen to and removal of wastes from the body’s cells and tissues of the flow of blood through the capillaries
Diaphoretic
Cool, pale, and moist sweaty skin
Tachycardia
Rapid pulse
Closed head injuries signs and symptoms
Pupillary abnormalities
Hypertension - pressure inside blood vessels that the heart has to pump
Bradycardia - when the heart rate is slow
Trauma to multiple body systems
Take to trauma center
Penetrating injuries to head
Chest wall instability
Crushed, devolved , mangled pulseless extremity
Amputation proximal to wrist or ankle pelvic fractures
Paralysis
Apneic
Not breathing
Treatment of full-thickness burns
Dry, sterile dressings, warmth rapid transport
Chemical burns to eyes
Continuously flush with saline for 20 at least 20 min
Cover both eyes
