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Page 1 NREMT Flashcards

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1
Q

Thready pulse

A

Difficult to feel or obliterated easily with slight pressure

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2
Q

Commotio cordis

A

Disturbance of the heart, impact to the chest occurs when the heart is vulnerable will go into V - fib, easy to treat

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3
Q

Ventricular fibrillation

A

A life-threatening heart rhythm that results in a rapid, inadequate heartbeat.

Because the heart doesn’t pump adequately during ventricular fibrillation, sustained VF can cause low blood pressure, loss of consciousness, or death

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4
Q

Rhonchi

A

Low pitched rattling lung sounds, resemble snoring, heard in patients with COPD

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5
Q

Central pulses

A

Carotid and femoral arteries pulses that emanate from larger arteries easiest to palpate

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6
Q

Anemia

A

Lack of number of red blood cells in circulation
(Acute anemia-result of trauma)
(Chronic anemia-occurs over time)

Massive bleeding
Rapid pulse
Cool clammy skin

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7
Q

Spinous process

A

Bony bump along persons back

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8
Q

Expressed consent or informed consent

A

Consent given by adults who are of legal age and mentally competent to make a rational decision in regard to their well being

Must have informed consent patient must understand the risks with the care they will receive

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9
Q

Placenta previa

A

When the placenta covers the opening in the mother’s cervix.

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10
Q

Physical causes of altered mental status

A

Low blood sugar
Lack of oxygen(cyanosis)
Stroke or inadequate blood to the brain
Head trauma/ mind altering substances

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11
Q

Epinephrine

A

Hormone produced by the body as a medication, constricts blood vessels, dilates respiratory passages, makes heart beat more strongly

Epinephrine and norepinephrine are two separate but related hormones secreted by the medulla of the adrenal glands.

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12
Q

Pneumothorax

A

When air enters the chest cavity pushes against lung, possibly causing collapse of a lung, air can enter through external wound or punctured lung, typically have diminished or absent lung sounds on affected side

Respiratory: fast breathing, shallow breathing, or shortness of breath

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13
Q

What liter flow is appropriate when delivering Albuterol via nebulizer for your asthma patient?

A

6-8LPM

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14
Q

Temporal bones

A

Right and left inferior skull

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15
Q

Ventricular tachycardia

A

A condition in which the lower chambers of the heart (ventricles) beat very quickly.

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16
Q

Partial seizure

A

( focal motor, focal sensory) affects one part or side of the brain. May or may not lose consciousness

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17
Q

Symptoms of CHF

A

Rapid pulse, dyspnea, normal or elevated blood pressure, cyanosis, diaphoretic, edema white or pink sputum , JVD

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18
Q

Blood thinners

A

Coumadin, Pradaxa, xarelto, love ox, patients on this medications are more prone to life - threatening bleeding

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19
Q

Hypoxia

A

Insufficient of oxygen in tissues,

early signs in adults are restlessness anxiety,

Late signs are altered mental status weak pulse, cyanosis, dyspnea

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20
Q

Inverted pyramid of neonatal resuscitation

A

Drying warming, suction

Oxygen

Chest compressions

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21
Q

13- 18 vitals

A

Heart rate- 55-105

Respiratory- 12-20

Blood pressure- 80 to 120

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22
Q

Aortic dissection

A

Inner layer of the way of the aorta begins to tear

large blood vessel branching off the heart, tears. Blood surges through the tear, causing the inner and middle layers of the aorta to separate (dissect). If the blood-filled channel ruptures through the outside aortic wall, aortic dissection is often fatal.

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23
Q

Peripheral pulses

A

Pulses that can be felt at outlying points of the body

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24
Q

Hyperosmolar hyperglycemic nonkelotic syndrome

A

Hyperosmolar Hyperglycemic Nonketotic Syndrome, or HHNS, is a serious condition most frequently seen in older persons. HHNS can happen to people with either type 1 or type 2 diabetes that is not being controlled properly, but it occurs more often in people with type 2. HHNS is usually brought on by something else, such as an illness or infection.

In HHNS, blood sugar levels rise, and your body tries to get rid of the excess sugar by passing it into your urine. You make lots of urine at first, and you have to go to the bathroom more often. Later you may not have to go to the bathroom as often, and your urine becomes very dark. Also, you may be very thirsty. Even if you are not thirsty, you need to drink liquids. If you don’t drink enough liquids at this point, you can get dehydrated.

If HHNS continues, the severe dehydration will lead to seizures, coma and eventually death. HHNS may take days or even weeks to develop. Know the warning signs of HHNS.

What are the Warning Signs?

Blood sugar level over 600 mg/dl
Dry, parched mouth
Extreme thirst (although this may gradually disappear)
Warm, dry skin that does not sweat
High fever (over 101 degrees Fahrenheit, for example)
Sleepiness or confusion
Loss of vision
Hallucinations (seeing or hearing things that are not there)
Weakness on one side of the body

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25
Q

Rules of palm

A

1% for palm and fingers

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26
Q

Seizure

A

Upper change in sensation behavior or movement normal functions of the brain are upset by injury two types of seizures
( partial and generalized)

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27
Q

Priapism

A

Painful prolonged erections in males because smudging RBC’s prevent normal blood drainage from penis

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28
Q

Reticular activating system RAS

A

The reticular activating system (RAS), or extrathalamic control modulatory system, is a set of connected nuclei in the brains of vertebrates that is responsible for regulating wakefulness and sleep-wake transitions.

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29
Q

Sellicks maneuver

A

Endotracheal intubation pressure to patient cricoid cartilage prevents aspiration, no fluid buildup

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30
Q

Type 1 diabetic-

A

Insulin dependent, does not have enough insulin in the system

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31
Q

Triage officer

A

Oversees triage at MC

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32
Q

Incident command

A

The person or persons who assume overall direction of a large- scale incident ( most senior members of the first service on scene)

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33
Q

Perfusion

A

The supply of oxygen to and removal of wastes from the body’s cells and tissues as a result of the flow of blood through the capillaries

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34
Q

Blood

A 
Control bleed by clotting
Deliver oxygen to cells
Remove carbon dioxide from the cells
Transport of gas
Nutrition 
Excretion( kidneys)
Protection
Regulation
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35
Q

Appendicitis

A

Infection of the appendix, pain in the umbilicus persistent pain in the RLQ, nausea and vomiting

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36
Q

Delirium

A

Serious disturbance in mental abilities that results in confused thinking and reduced awareness of surroundings.

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37
Q

Conduction

A

Transfer of heat from one material to another through direct contact

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38
Q

Flail chest

A

Creates paradoxical motion, blunt trauma from two or more fractured ribs in two or places move oppositely that of inspiration and expiration

Pain at injury site symptoms of flail chest are chest pain and shortness of breath

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39
Q

Naloxone

A

Reverses narcotic depressant effects on level of consciousness and respiratory drive

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40
Q

6-12 vitals

A

Heart rate- 70-110

Respiratory- 20-30

Blood pressure- 80 to 120

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41
Q

Inhalation process ( negative pressure)

A

lung volume expands as a result of the contraction of the diaphragm and intercostal muscles (the muscles that are connected to the rib cage), thus expanding the thoracic cavity. Due to this increase in volume, the pressure is decreased,

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42
Q

Emergency response system (chain of survival)

A

Activation of emergency system, CPR, rapid defibrillation, basic and advanced EMS, ALS and post arrest care

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43
Q

Cardiogenic shock

A

Often occurs with patients suffering from MI
inadequate pumping of blood by the heart contractions are decreased because damage to heart muscle, congestive heart failure, edema in feet

Chest pain or pressure
Coma
Decreased urination
Fast breathing
Fast pulse
Heavy sweating, moist skin
Lightheadedness
Loss of alertness and ability to concentrate
Restlessness, agitation, confusion
Shortness of breath
Skin that feels cool to the touch
Pale skin color or blotchy skin
Weak (thready) pulse
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44
Q

Tendons

A

Connect muscle to bone

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45
Q

Liver and spleen

A

Most commonly injured organs

Can bleed profusely

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46
Q

Central neurogenic hyperventilation

A

Rapid breathing associated with progressive damage to brain stem

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47
Q

Coronary artery disease ( CAD)

A

Conditions that narrow or block the arteries of the heart, restricts the amount of blood passing through the artery. Reducing amount of oxygen delivered to the heart

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48
Q

Melena

A

Pooping dark tarry stool

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49
Q

Hematemesis

A

is the vomiting of blood.The source is generally the upper gastrointestinal tract, typically above the suspensory muscle of duodenum

Irritation or erosion of the lining of the esophagus or stomach

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50
Q

Parietal peritoneum

A

Attached to the abdominal wall

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51
Q

Extreme hypothermia

A

Patient unconscious with discernible vital sign, assess carotid for 30-45 seconds if no pulse start CPR,

If pulse use passive rewarming oxygen passed through warm water humidifier

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52
Q

Signs of tension pneumothorax

A 
Labored breathing 
Absent lung sounds, distended neck veins
Altered mental status 
Low blood pressure 
Narrowing pulse pressure 
Possibly injury penetrating chest
Tracheal deviation
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53
Q

GI bleed

A

ointestinal hemorrhage, is all forms of bleeding in the gastrointestinal tract, from the mouth to the rectum.When there is significant blood loss over a short time, symptoms may include vomiting red blood, vomiting black blood, bloody stool, or black stool.

Bleeding is typically divided into two main types: upper gastrointestinal bleeding and lower gastrointestinal bleeding.Causes of upper GI bleeds include: peptic ulcer disease, esophageal varices due to liver cirrhosis and cancer, among others

Patient may present with exhibit vomiting of frank blood or coffee grounds

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54
Q

Priority 1

A

(Red) treatable life- threatening illness or injury

Airway
Uncontrolled bleeding 
Shock
Severe burns
Absent pulse
Respirations more than 30
Altered mental status
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55
Q

Portable stretcher

A

Used in multiple casualty incidents fold or collapse

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56
Q

Generalized Tonic Clonic seizure-

A

Tonic- body is rigid for no more than 30 seconds bowel control could be lost

Clonic- body jerks violently for no more than 1 or 2 min patient may drool or foam at mouth

Postictal- may regain consciousness immediately and enter a state of drowsiness or remain unconscious for several hours

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57
Q

Supine hypotensive syndrome

A

Dizziness and drop in blood pressure, mother in supine and weight of the uterus, infant, placenta and amniotic fluid compress inferior vena cava resulting decrease in venous return to the heart; fetal hypoxia is due to maternal hypotension and obstruction of maternal aorta

characterized by pallor(pale appearance), bradycardia, sweating, nausea

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58
Q

Pulseless electrical activity

PEA

A

known by as electromechanical dissociation, refers to cardiac arrest in which a heart rhythm is observed on the electrocardiogram that should be producing a pulse, but is not.

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59
Q

Hemoptysis

A

act of coughing up blood or blood-stained mucus from the bronchi, larynx, trachea, or lungs. This can occur with lung cancer, infections such as tuberculosis, bronchitis, or pneumonia, and certain cardiovascular conditions.

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60
Q

Tuberculosis

A

Infectious bacterial disease that effects the lungs pain. Chronic cough or with blood pain with breathing result of some of type of MI or medication

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61
Q

Peripheral pulses

A

Pulses that can be felt at outlying points of the body

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62
Q

Stages of hypothermia

A

99-96 degrees- shivering
95-91-intense shivering, difficulty speaking
90-86-muscle coordination is affected, thinking less clear
85-81- irrational, loses contact with environment, pulse and respirations are slow
80-78- loses consciousness, does not respond to spoken words

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63
Q

Transient ischemic attack (TIA)

A

Typical signs of stroke occur but has a resolution of symptoms without treatment within 24 hours small clots may be temporary blocking the brain but resolves when the clot breaks up, and the brain had a short period of hypoxia and not enough to create damage

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64
Q

Oxygen cylinders

A

Fixed systems
G-5,300
H- 6900

Regular systems
M-3000
E-625
D- 350

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65
Q

Patient with palpable pulses

A

trauma patient that has a palpable radial pulse should have a systolic blood pressure of at least 80 mmHg. The presence of a radial pulse is also a sign that a patient is not bleeding heavily into an internal body cavity.

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66
Q

Coagulopathies

A

Abnormal clotting of blood when body forms clots too readily or too slowly

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67
Q

Sickle cell

A

Abnormal structure of the red blood cells

Pain in arms, legs, chest

Acute chest syndrome shortness of breath, chest pain, hypoxia, stroke, jaundice

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68
Q

Xiphoid process

A

Inferior tip of thorax ( sternum)

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69
Q

Sprain

A

Stretching tearing of ligaments

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70
Q

Signs of pneumothorax

A

Diminished or absent lung sounds
Respiratory distress
Elevated pulse
Possible injury on that side of chest

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71
Q

Palpitations

A

Irregular or rapid heartbeats fluttering

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72
Q

Type 2 diabetic

A

Non insulin dependent, body fails to use insulin properly

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73
Q

Retroperitoneal space

A

Area between abdomen and back

Kidneys, pancreas, aorta

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74
Q

Tachycardia

A

Rapid heartbeat

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75
Q

Pneumonia

A

Infection of one of both lungs that is usually caused by bacteria viruses, fungi, or parasites. High fever ( 104F) shaking chills and a cough with sputum production. Shortness of breath, crackles in lungs, pale sweaty skin. Sharp with inhalation, can apply CPAP

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76
Q

Preeclampsia

A

Pre-eclampsia usually begins after 20 weeks of pregnancy in a woman whose blood pressure had been normal. It can lead to serious, even fatal, complications for both mother and baby.
There may be no symptoms. High blood pressure and protein in the urine are key features. There may also be swelling in the legs and water retention, but this can be hard to distinguish from normal pregnancy.

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77
Q

Convection

A

Carrying away of heat by currents of air, water, or other gases or liquids

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78
Q

Traumatic asphyxia

A

Sudden compression of the chest, sternum and ribs exert severe pressure on the heart and lungs forcing blood out of the right atrium and into jugular veins result of blood vessels near skin rupturing causing bruising of the face and neck, patients neck will be darker than rest of the body, bulging eyes, JVD, broken blood vessels in face

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79
Q

Cardiac output

A

Pulse rate and quality, skin color and condition, cap refill

amount of blood the heart pumps through the circulatory system in a minute. The amount of blood put out by the left ventricle of the heart in one contraction is called the stroke volume. The stroke volume and the heart rate determine the cardiac output.

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80
Q

Hazardous materials classification

A

Health- blue
Fire- red
reactivity- yellow
Specific- white

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81
Q

Staging supervisor

A

Responsible for overseeing ambulances and ambulance personnel

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82
Q

Ectopic pregnancy

A

A pregnancy in which the fertilized egg implants outside the uterus.

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83
Q

Heat exhaustion

A

Patients with moist, pale, and normal or cool skin, perspires heavily, drinking large quantities of water, body loses salts, bringing on painful muscle cramps( heat cramps)

Cramps, weakness, rapid shallow breathing, heavily perspiration, loss of consciousness

Remove patient from heat, administer oxygen, loosen or remove clothing to cool the patient

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84
Q

Dermis

A

Second layer of skin, rich with blood vessels, nerves and specialized nerve endings

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85
Q

At the scene of hazmat

A

If first establish a “ danger zone” and “ safezone” safezone should be on the same level or upwind never downhill, maintain command until you are relieved or incidental is resolved

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86
Q

Active rewarming

A

Application of an external heat source to rewarm the body. Rewarming too quickly can circulate peripherally stagnated blood and cool the central areas of the body causing cardiac arrest

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87
Q

Appendicular skeleton

A

Extremities

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88
Q

Emergency response guidebook

A

Provides names of chemical and concise but through descriptions of the actions that should be taken in case of hazmat emergencies

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89
Q

MVC has the greatest potential for injury?

A

Rollover

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90
Q

Central pulses

A

Carotid and femoral arteries pulses that emanate from larger arteries easiest to palpate

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91
Q

Cystic fibrosis

A

Progressive, genetic disease that causes persistent lung infections by mucus and limits the ability to breathe over time. Persistent coughing and frequent lung infections like pneumonia and bronchitis. Wheezing or shortness of breath. Poor growth or weight gain. Bulky stools or difficulty with bowel movements

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92
Q

Transportation supervisor

A

Communicating with sector officers and hospital to manage transportation of patients to hospitals

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93
Q

Cirrhosis

A

Liver does not function properly due to long term damage

Fluid buildup in abdomen

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94
Q

Indications of spinal injury

A 
Paralysis of extremities 
Changes in neurological function
Pain with moving 
Tenderness alone midline spine
Impaired breathing ( with diaphragm) 
Reversed movements with breathing 
Priapism
Loss of bowel control 
Neurogenic shock
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95
Q

Occipital bone

A

Posterior of skull

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96
Q

CPR

A

Compressions 100-120 per min
2 inches in adults
Allow full relaxation on upstroke
If patient regains pulse check breathing ventilate or give oxygen
Transport when you have administered three shocks, and received no shock advised messages, CAB
5 cycles two min

When encountering an unconscious person, briefly check for no breathing or no normal breathing

Remember, AHA guidelines recommend that we assess an unconscious, non-bleeding adult patient’s pulse, before assessing their airway, the presence or absence of spontaneous respirations, and then respiratory effort. So, in this case you would open his airway and deliver 2 rescue breaths because you have already determined he has a pulse and is unresponsive.

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97
Q

Intracerebral hematoma

A

Blood pools within the brain

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98
Q

Renal failure

A

Loss of kidneys ability to filter the blood and remove focus and excess fluid from the body ( acute and chronic)

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99
Q

Implied consent

A

The consent is presumed by a patient or patients parent or guardian

They would give if they could such as a unconscious patient, or a parent that could not be contacted

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100
Q

Phases of action for triage

A

Scene size up, triage, organization

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101
Q

Shock may develop if

A

Heart fails as a pump, blood volume is lost, blood vessels dilate,

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102
Q

Asystole

A

is defined as a cardiac arrest rhythm in which there is no discernible electrical activity on the ECG monitor. Asystole is sometimes referred to as a “flat line.” Confirmation that a “flat line”

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103
Q

LUQ

A

Stomach, Spleen, left kidney, pancreas, liver

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104
Q

Signs of cardiac tamponade

A 
Distended neck veins
Low blood pressure 
Narrowing pulse pressure 
Increased pulse and respirations
Injury to the chest
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105
Q

Central nervous system

A

Brain and spinal cord

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106
Q

Hypoxemia

A

Low level of oxygen in the blood

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107
Q

How to approach a helicopter

A

Do not approach unless escorted keep vehicles 100 ft from the helicopter

Approach helicopter from the downhill side when parked on a hillside

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108
Q

Basket stretcher

A

(Stokes stretcher)

Can be used to move patient from one level to another or over rough terrain

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109
Q

Scoop stretcher

A

Orthopedic stretcher splits into two pieces allowing patient to be scooped

Not recommended for spinal injuries

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110
Q

Signs of abdominal injury

A 
Cramps
Nausea
Weakness
Thirst
Bruising
Coughing or vomiting blood
Rigid tender abdomen
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111
Q

Cold packs

A

Control bleeding by minimizing swelling and constricting blood vessels

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112
Q

Priority 2

A

(Yellow) serious but not life- threatening illnesses

Burns without airway problems
Multiple bone or joint injuries
Back injuries with or without spinal cord damage

Are alert
Have pulses
Respirations less than 30

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113
Q

Joints

A

Where bone meet

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114
Q

Sepsis

A

Increased heart rate threatening condition that arises when the body’s response to infection injures its own tissues and organs.Common signs and symptoms include fever, increased heart rate, increased breathing rate, and confusion.There may also be symptoms related to a specific infection, such as a cough with pneumonia, or painful urination with a kidney infection. In the very young, old, and people with a weakened immune system, there may be no symptoms of a specific infection and the body temperature may be low or normal rather than high. Severe sepsis is sepsis causing poor organ function or insufficient blood flow. Insufficient blood flow may be evident by low blood pressure, high blood lactate, or low urine output. Septic shock

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115
Q

Neurogenic shock

A

Uncontrolled dilation of blood vessels from nerve paralysis caused by spinal cord injuries, vessels dilate to the point to where the blood can no longer fill it

resulting in low blood pressure, occasionally with a slowed heart rate

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116
Q

Passive rewarming

A

Allows the body to rewarm itself, covering the patient and removal of wet clothing to prevent further heat loss, use for unresponsive patient

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117
Q

Strain

A

Muscle injury caused by overstretching or overexertion

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118
Q

Aneurysm or AAA ( abdominal aortic aneurysm)

A

Dilation or widening of a blood vessel often found in the abdomen and are usually asymptomatic( no symptoms) but can be the cause of severe pain. The risk of rupture is increase as the wall of the vessel becomes thinner

Inner layer of aorta is damaged and blood leaks from the inner portions to the outer layers, causing a tearing pain in the back, rapid onset pulsating mass

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119
Q

Placenta previa

A

When the placenta covers the opening in the mother’s cervix.

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120
Q

Hypercapnia

A

excessive carbon dioxide in the bloodstream, typically caused by inadequate respiration.

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121
Q

Child airway

A

Mouth and nose smaller and easily obstructed

Tongue takes up more space

New born and infants breath through their noses

Trachea is softer and more flexible narrower

Chest wall is softer, tend to depend on their diaphragms than adults

Hyperextension or flex ion of the neck may result in airway obstruction

Towel under shoulders of supine infant can keep airway in line

Watch abdomen to evaluate their breathing

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122
Q

Types of fractures

A

Comminuted-( broken in several places)
Green stick- ( incomplete break)
Angulated-( broken bone at an angle)
Fracture- ( any break)

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123
Q

Idiopathic seizures

A

No known cause common in children

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124
Q

Airway %s

A

Nasal cannula- 44%

Bag valve mask-100%

Mouth to mask- 55%

None rebreather- 95%

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125
Q

Priority 3

A

(Green) walking wounded

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126
Q

Ectopic pregnancy

A

A pregnancy in which the fertilized egg implants outside the uterus.
Really late menstrual cycle

Light vaginal bleeding
Nausea and vomiting with pain
Lower abdominal pain
Sharp abdominal cramps
Pain on one side of your body
Dizziness or weakness
Pain in your shoulder, neck, or rectum
If the fallopian tube ruptures, the pain and bleeding could be severe enough to cause fainting.
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127
Q

Air embolism

A

(Air bubble) sucked into vessel and carried to lungs ( pulmonary embolism) can cause cardiac arrest

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128
Q

Sellicks maneuver

A

Endotracheal intubation pressure to patient cricoid cartilage prevents aspiration, no fluid buildup

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129
Q

Hot zone

A

Area of contamination

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130
Q

Meninges

A

First layer of protection for the spinal cord

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131
Q

Renal colic ( kidney stones)

A

Kidneys form hard stones that descend down the ureter on the way to the way to the bladder, causes flank pain that radiates to the groin area, causes visceral pain from the kidney stone, nausea and vomiting

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132
Q

Hyperventilation

A

Hyperventilation (also called overbreathing) occurs when the rate and quantity of alveolar ventilation of carbon dioxide exceeds the body’s production of carbon dioxide.A person may regularly hyperventilate, a condition called hyperventilation syndrome.

cause a number of physical symptoms: dizziness, tingling in the lips, hands or feet, headache, weakness, fainting and seizures.

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133
Q

Signs of shock in children

A

Rapid heart rate
Rapid respiratory rate
Pale, cool, clammy

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134
Q

Hyperglycemia

A

Hyperglycemia is the technical term for high blood glucose (blood sugar). High blood glucose happens when the body has too little insulin or when the body can’t use insulin properly.

Tachycardia, rapid respirations and dropping blood pressure, altered mental status, warm red skin

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135
Q

Warm zone

A

Decontamination corridor

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136
Q

Chronic renal failure

A

Inherited diseases like polycystic kidney disease, poorly controlled diabetes or high blood pressure that go untreated

137
Q

Angina pectoris

A

A pain in the chest, blood supply through a narrow artery to the heart is reduced and a portion of the heart muscle is not receiving oxygen comes on after stress or exertion the pain will diminish when the exertion stops doesn’t last longer than 5 min

138
Q

High pulse for child

A

Is not as great as a concern as a low pulse

139
Q

Hemophiliac

A

Inherited disorder that prevent from producing certain clotting factors

140
Q

Amputations

A

Warp in sterile dressing and secure dressing with gauze, wrap or bag amputated part in plastic bag keep cool by cold packs, do not immerse directly in water or saline, do not let part come into direct contact with ice

141
Q

Anaphylaxis

A

Will cause blood vessels to dilate( get large) and cells to leak fluid, causes hypotension, bronchoconstriction, decrease ability of capillaries to contain fluid

Symptoms
Respiratory distress, shock ( altered mental status, flushed dry skin, pale, cool , clammy) increased heart rate, decreased blood pressure

142
Q

Autonomic nervous system

A

Control of involuntary functions, heartbeat, breathing, control of the diameter of vessels

143
Q

Flexible stretcher

A

(Reeves stretcher)

Useful in restricted areas or narrow hallways

144
Q

Fistula

A

A fistula is an abnormal anastomosis, that is, an abnormal connection between two hollow spaces (technically, two epithelialized surfaces), such as blood vessels, intestines, or other hollow organs. Fistulas are usually caused by injury or surgery, but they can also result from an infection or inflammation.

145
Q

Tachypnea

A

Rapid shallow breathing

146
Q

Single incident command

A

Single agency controls all resources and operations

147
Q

Setting up a landing zone

A

100 by 100, marked with one flare in an upwind position

148
Q

Tachycardia

A

Rapid heartbeat

149
Q

Caring for patient en route

A

Don’t use lights or siren unless it is a life threatening situation

150
Q

Blood loss from fractures

A

Tib-fib=1 pint

Femur= 2 pints

Pelvic = 3 to 4 pints

151
Q

Foramen magnum

A

Opening at the base of the skull through which spinal cord passes from the Brain

152
Q

Compensated shock

A

Heart is in shock but body is still able to maintain perfusion

Increased heart rate, increased blood flow, increased respirations, pale, cool, clammy, skin

Increased capillary refill time in infants

153
Q

Axial skeleton

A

Skull, spine, ribs, and sternum

154
Q

Epilepsy

A

Medical condition that causes seizures, multiple seizures from unknown causes. Some are born with it, others develop after head injury or surgery

155
Q

What is the most narrow point of a pediatric airway?

A

Cricoid ring

156
Q

Asphasia

A

communication disorder that results from damage to the parts of the brain that contain language (typically in the left half of the brain). Individuals who experience damage to the right side of the brain

157
Q

Intracranial pressure ( ICP)

A

When a hematoma occurs and increases pressure inside the skull, pressure pushes pressure on brain, reduces blood flow to the brain( unilateral weakness, decreasing levels of consciousness, increased blood pressure to try to perfuse brain tissue,slow heart rate

Cushing reflex- increased blood pressure, decreased pulse

158
Q

Braxton hicks contractions

A

Irregular prelabor contractions of the uterus and not sustained, does not indicate impending delivery

159
Q

Nose bleeds ( epistaxis)

A

Patient sit and lean forward, apply pressure to fleshly portion around nostrils

Do not lean back, if patient becomes unconscious place patient in recovery and be prepared to suction and provide airway

160
Q

Pulmonary edema

A

(CHF) literally means collection of watery fluid in the lungs. Congestive heart failure patient develops dyspnea it can feel like a drowning the patient may begin coughing up frothy sputum sweaty, cool and clammy. Tachycardia, hypertension, rapid labored respirations, hear crackles. If right heart failure there may be swelling of lower extremities. JVD

161
Q

atelectasis

A

absent gas exchange. It may affect part or all of a lung. It is usually not bilateral. It is a condition where the alveoli are deflated down to little or no volume, as distinct from pulmonary consolidation, in which they are filled with liquid.

162
Q

Decompensated shock

A

Body can no longer compensate

Falling blood pressure
weak rapid carotid pulses with absent distal pulses

163
Q

Carbolic acid

A

Does not mix with water use alcohol initially

164
Q

Solid organs in stomach

A

Liver, kidneys, spleen, pancreas

165
Q

Catatonia

A

Characterized by either and almost complete non interaction of or with environment

166
Q

Ischemic stroke

A

Caused by a blockage, clot or embolism occluded an artery

If the artery remains blocked for more than a few minutes, the brain cells may die. This is why immediate medical treatment is critical.

the most common kind of stroke,

167
Q

Rhonchi

A

Low pitched rattling lung sounds, resemble snoring, heard in patients with COPD

168
Q

Platelets

A

Fragments of larger cells that crucial to the formation of clots, rapid response to stop bleeding from a injured site, blocks coronary artery results on heart attack

169
Q

Head bleeds

A

Resulting in fractured skull result in bleeding or CSF increased pressure within the skull, do not stop bleeding or apply pressure, collect drainage with gauze pad

170
Q

Dyspnea

A

Difficult, labored breathing

171
Q

Diaphoretic

A

Sweating

172
Q

Standard of care

A

Care that would be expected to be provided

173
Q

Tidal volume

A

is the lung volume representing the normal volume of air displaced between normal inhalation and exhalation when extra effort is not applied. In a healthy, young human adult, tidal volume is approximately 500 mL per inspiration or 7 mL/kg of body mass.

174
Q

Peritonitis

A

Bowel contents let loose into peritoneal cavity, result of trauma bleeding or ruptured spleen ( LUQ) abdomen is painful and rigid, symptoms are fever, muscles involuntarily contract

175
Q

Early sign of shock

A

Altered mental status, pale cool clammy skin,nausea and vomiting, increased pulse( tachycardic) respirations will increase,drop in blood pressure

176
Q

RLQ

A

Appendix, right kidney,colon, small intestines, ureter

177
Q

Subarachnoid hemorrhage

A

Bleeding from the arachnoid layer of the meninges

178
Q

Battery

A

Causing bodily harm ( restraining a person)

179
Q

Pelvic inflammatory disease (PID)

A

Pelvic inflammatory disease (PID) typically presents within 7 to 10 days after the end of the menstrual cycle and is characterized by bilateral lower abdominal quadrant pain, fever, painful intercourse, and vaginal discharge. PID frequently is the result of a sexually transmitted disease, such as chlamydia or gonorrhea.

180
Q

Meningitis

A

Infection of the lining of the brain and spinal cord occurs between one month and five years ( high fever, stiff neck, lethargic, headache

181
Q

Myocardial infarction or acute myocardial infarction

A

Portion of myocardium dies as a result of oxygen starvation, often take aspirin to prevent clots blocking the coronary artery to slow the heart and make it beat less strongly

182
Q

Pancreatitis

A

Inflammation of pancreas, common with patients with alcohol problems,

Because pancreas is located in retro peritoneal space pain may radiate to the back

Can present with signs of shock

183
Q

BLB

A

Bone, ligament, Bone

184
Q

Peripheral pulses

A

Pulses that can be felt at outlying points of the body

185
Q

Frontal region

A

Forms forehead

186
Q

Decorticate posturing (flexing)

A

Neurological posturing, flexing arms and wrists and extending legs and feet

187
Q

Congestive heart failure CHF

A

Failure of heart to pump effectively leading to excessive blood or fluid in the lungs or body causes edema or swelling. The fluids congest or clog the organs, could be from emphysema or acute MI or hypertension

Reveal crackling(rales) bubbly tachycardia, dyspnea, elevated blood pressure, cool clammy skin, pedal edema

188
Q

Open and closed skull injuries

A

If cranium is fractured it is open head injury

If cranium is intact it is a closed head injury

189
Q

Epiglottitis

A

Infected or inflamed it can swell and obstruct or close off the windpipe. Occurs quickly progression ranges from just a few hours to a few days, suspected when treating a child with stridor ( sudden onset of high fever) painful swallowing, child will drool, tripod position, use humidified oxygen

190
Q

Years 3-5 vitals

A

Heart rate- 80-120

Respiratory-20-30

Blood pressure- 80 to 110

191
Q

Splinting

A

Stabilizing bones and preventing further movement and bleeding

192
Q

Kussmaul breathing

A

Kussmaul breathing is a deep and labored breathing pattern often associated with severe metabolic acidosis, particularly diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA) but also kidney failure. It is a form of hyperventilation, which is any breathing pattern that reduces carbon dioxide in the blood due to increased rate or depth of respiration.

In metabolic acidosis, breathing is first rapid and shallow[1] but as acidosis worsens, breathing gradually becomes deep, labored and gasping. It is this latter type of breathing pattern that is referred to as Kussmaul breathing.

193
Q

Dysthymia

A

Disturbance in heart rate and rhythm (cardiac dysthymia) heartbeats extremely fast

194
Q

Hemodialysis

A

Common form, pumps blood through specialized filters to remove toxins

195
Q

Gastric distention

A

bloating of the stomach when air is pumped into it. This may be done when someone is performing cardiopulmonary resuscitation and blowing air into the mouth of someone who is not breathing spontaneously. The primary reason this occurs is too much air is delivered during rescue breathing.
Apply manual pressure over patients upper abdomen

196
Q

Acute Coronary Syndrome (ACS) cardiac compromise

A

( ischemia) lack of oxygen in the heart muscle,blanket term that refers to any time the heart may not be getting enough oxygen. Chest pain crushing, dull, heavy, squeezing radiates along arms upper abdomen or jaw. Has history of heart problems. Sudden onset of sweating, nausea or vomiting, anxiety, generalized weakness, abnormal pulse and blood pressure. Place patient sitting up

197
Q

LLQ

A

Left kidney Colon, small intestines

198
Q

Periosteum

A

White fibrous material in bones

199
Q

Brain contusion

A

Coup injury- bruising of brain occurs on the side of the blow

Contrecoup- bruising occurs on opposite side of brain

200
Q

Absence seizure

A

Brief 10 seconds no dramatic motor activity

Altered mental status that passes quickly enough that patient and bystanders may not know anything happened

201
Q

ROSC

A

Return of spontaneous circulation

202
Q

Hydrofluoric acid-

A

Flood with water

203
Q

Poor skin turgor

A

Sign of dehydration or hypovolemia

204
Q

Apneic

A

Not breathing

205
Q

Chemical in eyes

A

Flood with water, avoid washing chemicals back into eye or unaffected eye, keep water running from a faucet , low pressure lose, flow should be from medial (nasal) corner of eye to lateral corner, wash for 20 min, cover both eyes with moistened pads

206
Q

Agonal breathing

A

Irregular breathing, gasping breaths precede apnea and death

207
Q

Visceral peritoneum

A

Covers the organs

208
Q

Cold zone

A

Equipment and other emergency rescuers are staged

209
Q

Maxillae

A

Two fused bone in upper jaw each called the maxilla

210
Q

Peritoneum

A

Lines the abdominal cavity most organs are closed within peritoneum

Liver, spleen, appendix, small and large colon ( uterus, Fallopian tubes, ovaries)

Two layers of the peritoneum ( visceral, parietal)

211
Q

Hemiparesis

A

One sided weakness

212
Q

Cardiac tamponade

A

Injury to heart causes blood flow into the surrounding pericardial sac, sac fills with blood and compresses chambers of heart to a point where they can no longer adequately fill, backing up blood into the veins

Resulting from penetrating trauma ( stab wound)
JVD, signs of shock, chest pain, JVD, signs of shock, narrowed pulse pressure

213
Q

Right atrium

A

Superior/ inferior vena cava gets deoxygenated blood from body sends it to right ventricle

214
Q

Brain injuries

A

Direct- lacerations,bruises by broken bones

Indirect- shock or impact, concussions

Pupils dilated but unreactive

215
Q

Bronchitis

A

COPD often hear rhonchi, occurs when trachea, windpipe and large and small bronchi ( airways within the lungs become inflamed because of infection of irritation, coughing up thickened mucus and shortness of breath

216
Q

Hypothermia

A

When cooling affects the body, exposure to cold reduces body heat, unable to maintain its proper temperature

Patients with injuries, chronic illness will show effects of cold much sooner than healthy persons, unconscious person laying on ground is more prone to heat loss

217
Q

Active rapid rewarming

A

Seldom recommended
Possibly injure frozen tissues
Heat water to between 100-105 degrees, do not allow a injured area to touch sides or bottom of container

218
Q

Orthopnea

A

shortness of breath (dyspnea) that occurs when lying flat, causing the person to have to sleep propped up in bed or sitting in a chair.

219
Q

Common cause of seizures

A

Failure to take medications
Hypoxia, stroke, brain injury, toxin withdrawal, hypoglycemia
Common in children with high fever ( febrile) a

220
Q

Hypoglycemia

A

Low blood sugar, sudden onset abnormal behavior. Fight or flight response( blood vessels constrict, pale sweaty skin, tachycardia, rapid breathing seizures can occur blood sugar less than 60 mg/dl mild alterations less than 50 mg/ do significant alterations include unresponsiveness

221
Q

Deep Vein Thrombosis (DVT)

A

Is a condition in which a blood clot is embedded in one of the major deep veins of the lower legs. Clot blocks blood circulation through these veins which carry blood from the lower body back to the heart. Cause acute pain, swelling or warmth in the affected leg, use oxygen

222
Q

APGAR scale

A
    1. 2

Appear-blue.Trunk/pink. Pink
Arms/blue
Pulse- 0. Under 100. Over 100
Grima-NA. Facial grimace sneeze,cry
Activi-NA. Slight activity. Moving normal
Respi-NA. Slow irregular. Good breath
Strong cry

223
Q

Cheyne- stokes breathing

A

abnormal pattern of breathing characterized by progressively deeper and sometimes faster breathing, followed by a gradual decrease that results in a temporary stop in breathing called an apnea. The pattern repeats, with each cycle usually taking 30 seconds to 2 minutes

Brainstem lesions: cerebrovascular event.
Encephalitis.
Raised intracranial pressure.
Heart failure
Chronic pulmonary oedema.
Altitude sickness.
224
Q

Peripheral nervous system

A

Pairs of nerve that travel from the brain without passing through the spinal cord

225
Q

Air splints

A

Control internal and external bleeding from an extermity produces form of direct pressure

226
Q

Narcotic overdose

A

Coma ( depressed level of consciousness) pinpoint pupils, and respiratory depression

Opiate Triad

227
Q

Transient ischemic attack (TIA)

A

Typical signs of stroke occur but has a resolution of symptoms without treatment within 24 hours small clots may be temporary blocking the brain but resolves when the clot breaks up, and the brain had a short period of hypoxia and not enough to create damage

228
Q

Scope of practice

A

Set of regulations and ethical considerations that define the scope or extend and limits

229
Q

MTB

A

Muscle, Tendon, bone

230
Q

Bariatric

A

Patients who are obese

231
Q

In order for patient to refuse care

A

Legally able, awake and oriented, fully informed sign a release form

232
Q

Toddler vitals ( 12/36) months

A

Heart rate- 80-130

Respiratory-20-30

Blood pressure- (systolic) 70 to 100

233
Q

Myocardium

A

Muscular tissue of heart

234
Q

Pulmonary embolism

A

Is a blood clot in the lung. The clot usually form in smaller vessels in the leg, pelvis, arms, or heart, but occasionally the clot can be large.pulmonary embolism occurs when part or all of DVT (deep vein Thrombosis) breaks away and travels through the blood in the veins and lodges in the lungs. Patient cannot get enough oxygen in the blood and become acutely short of breath pleuritic chest pain. Cough sweaty skin, cyanotic, and tachypnea

235
Q

Febrile seizure

A

Seizures that accompany a high fever( using found in children

236
Q

Hallucinogens

A

Mind affecting or mind altering drugs
(LSD, PCP, mushrooms)

Fast pulse rate
Dilated pupils
Flushed face

237
Q

Croup

A

Viral illnesses that result in inflammation of the larynx, trachea, and bronchi . Illness of children six months to four years that often occurs at night. Sometimes follows a cold or other respiratory infection. Tissues in the airway become swollen and restrict passage of air develop seal like bark cough difficulty breathing nasal flaring retraction of muscles paleness with cyanosis restlessness use humidified oxygen

238
Q

Complex partial seizure

A

(Complex partial seizures are often preceded by a seizure aura.[12] The seizure aura is a simple partial seizure.The aura may manifest itself as a feeling of déjà vu, jamais vu, fear, euphoria or depersonalization.[13][better source needed] The seizure aura might also occur as a visual disturbance, such as tunnel vision or a change in the perceived size of objects.[14] Once consciousness is impaired, the person may display automatisms such as lip smacking, chewing or swallowing.[13] There may also be loss of memory (amnesia) surrounding the seizural eventThe person may still be able to perform routine tasks such as walking, although such movements are not purposeful or planned. Witnesses may not recognize that anything is wrong.

239
Q

Temporomandibular joint (TM joint)

A

Moveable joint formed between mandible and temporal bone

240
Q

Blasts

A

Pressure( pressure injuries
Blast wave( secondary pieces impact
Tertiary( impact against objects
Quaternary (chemicals

241
Q

Subdural hematoma

A

Collection of blood between the brain and dura ( slower onset) 12 to 24 hours

242
Q

Nuchal Cord

A

occurs when the umbilical cord becomes wrapped around the fetal neck 360 degrees. Nuchal cords are not very common, with prevalence rates of 6% to 37%. Up to half of nuchal cords resolve before delivery.

243
Q

Pulse ox

A

oxygen saturation of a patient’s blood

244
Q

Obstructive shock

A

Mechanical obstruction of cardiac muscle,

Tension pneumothorax, cardiac tamponade, pulmonary embolism, becks triad( JVD, narrowing blood pressure, muffled heart sounds

245
Q

Placenta previa

A

When the placenta covers the opening in the mother’s cervix.

246
Q

Epidural hematoma

A

Blood between the dura and the skull ( quicker onset)

247
Q

Apneic

A

Not breathing

248
Q

19-40 vitals

A

Heart rate- 70

Respiratory- 16-20

Blood pressure- 120/80 normal blood pressure

249
Q

Compartment syndrome

A

Severe swelling in extremity so severe that the body can no longer perfuse the tissue against the pressure, pain swelling, PMS reduced or absent
Splint, cold , application, elevation, transport

250
Q

Assault

A

Placing a person in fear of bodily harmf

251
Q

Puelonephritis

A

Infection that begins in the urinary tract that ascends up the ureter into the kidney, unilateral flank pain

252
Q

Parietal bones

A

Right and left superior skull

253
Q

Ischemic

A

Lack of oxygen, chest pain in heart

restriction in blood supply to tissues, causing a shortage of oxygen

254
Q

Pediatric assessment triangle

PAT

A

Appearance
Work of breathing
Circulation to skin

255
Q

ESRD end stage renal disease

A

Irreversible renal failure, kidneys can no longer provide adequate filtration, patients require dialysis

256
Q

Emphysema

A

(COPD) shortness of breath due to over inflation of the alveoli long term shortness of breath is the most common symptom,cough caused by production of mucus and wheezing, distant lung sounds, barrel chest

257
Q

Glasgow scale

A 
Eyes-4
Spontaneous-4
Verbal-3
Pain-2
No response-1
Verbal-5
Oriented-5
Confused-4
Inappropriate words-3
Sounds-2
No response-1
Motor-6
Obey commands-6
Localizes pain-5
Withdrawals-4
Flex-3
Extend-2
No response-1
258
Q

RUQ

A

Liver, right Kidney, colon, pancreas, gallbladder

259
Q

Malaise

A

Sense of being unwell, fatigue, diffuse

260
Q

Diverticulitis

A

Acute sigmoid diverticulitis should be suspected in patients with the clinical triad of left lower-quadrant pain, fever, and chills.

261
Q

Hemiparesis

A

One sided weakness

262
Q

Acute renal failure

A

Occur as a result of shock, toxic ingestions

263
Q

Heat stroke

A

Patients with hot skin, dry or moist skin temperature, mechanisms fail and body cannot rid itself of excessive heat, response to loss fluid and salt,

the patient stops sweating 
Loss of consciousness 
Rapid shallow breathing 
Full and rapid pulse
Little perspiration 
Dilated pupils
No muscle cramps
Remove patient from heat apply cool packs to neck
Groin, armpits, administer oxygen
264
Q

Abruptio placentae

A

Occurs when the placenta detected from the inner wall of the womb before delivery. The condition can deprive the baby of oxygen and nutrients

Vaginal bleeding, belly pain, and back pain in the last 12 weeks of pregnancy

265
Q

Cartilage

A

Tissue that covers the joint ends of bone

266
Q

Hyperthermia

A

Increase in body temperature above normal in which is life- threatening
Preexisting conditions such as dehydration, diabetes, fever,fatigue, high blood pressure, lung problems may intensify effects of heat exposure

267
Q

Adventitious breath

A

Abnormal sounds heard over a patients lungs

268
Q

Signs and symptoms of hypothermia

A 
Shivering
Numbness 
Stiff rigid posture 
Drowsiness 
Rapid breathing 
Rapid pulse
Cool abdominal skin temperature
269
Q

Parietal pain

A

Peritoneal tenderness, more widespread and efficient nerve endings more easily located. Blood leaking or inflammation from the RLQ ( appendix) sharp constant and localized

270
Q

Myocardium

A

Muscular tissue of heart

271
Q

Diabetic ketoacidosis

A

results of high blood sugar, dehydration, altered mental status and shock

A serious diabetes complication where the body produces excess blood acids (ketones).

Symptoms include thirst, frequent urination, nausea, abdominal pain, weakness, fruity-scented breath, and confusion.
400mg/dl

272
Q

Peritoneal dialysis

A

Slower process, treatment done in the home uses peritoneal cavity as a means of filtering blood

273
Q

Burns to the eyes

A

Do not open eyelids if burned, apply sterile gauze pads to both eyes of thermal, if burn is chemical flush eye for 20 min en route to hospital

274
Q

Stridor

A

Harsh vibration noise when breathing, obstruction of windpipe or larynx

Upper airway obstruction
The high pitched noise heard during inhalation is called Stridor, and the noise you hear is the sound of air straining to get past an obstruction. This could be from a foreign object, laryngeal edema or food.

a high-pitched breath sound resulting from turbulent air flow in the larynx or lower in the bronchial tree. Stridor is a physical sign which is caused by a narrowed or obstructed airway. It can be inspiratory, expiratory or biphasic, although it is usually heard during inspiration. Inspiratory stridor often occurs in children with croup. It may be indicative of serious airway obstruction from severe conditions such as epiglottitis, a foreign body lodged in the airway

275
Q

Epidermis

A

Outer most layer of skin, composed of dead cells, contains no blood vessels or nerves

276
Q

Medulla

A

Receives oxygen and send messages to the body

277
Q

Dry lime

A

Do not wash chemical with water, brush away

278
Q

Sulfuric acid

A

Wash with water

279
Q

Downers

A

Depressant effect on nervous system
( sleeping pill, barbiturates, rohypnol)

Sluggish pulse and low breathing rates

280
Q

Intercostal muscles

A

Several groups of muscles that run between the ribs and help form and move the chest wall, involved in the mechanical aspect of breathing head muscles help expand and shrink the size of the chest cavity to facilitate

281
Q

Generalized seizures

A

Affects the entire brain and affect consciousness of patient

282
Q

Exhalation ( positive pressure)

A

the lungs recoil to force the air out of the lungs. The intercostal muscles relax, returning the chest wall to its original position . During exhalation, the diaphragm also relaxes, moving higher into the thoracic cavity.

283
Q

Spontaneous pneumothorax

A

When a lung collapses without injury and leaks air into the thorax. Sharp, pleuritic chest pain, shortness of breath, tachycardia, rapid breathing, low pulse ox, cyanosis, breath sounds that are decreased or absent

284
Q

Command

A

First on scene to establish order and incident command system

285
Q

Cardiac arrest

A

Loss heart function breathing and consciousness C(circulation pulse) A(airway) B( breathing)

286
Q

Tension pneumothorax

A

tends to occur in clinical situations such as ventilation, resuscitation, trauma lung may be punctured or in patients with lung disease with no avenue of escape The most common findings in people with tension pneumothorax are chest pain and respiratory distress, often with an increased heart rate (tachycardia) and rapid breathing (tachypnea) in the initial stages. Other findings may include quieter breath sounds on one side of the chest, low oxygen levels and blood pressure, and displacement of the trachea away from the affected side. Rarely, there may be cyanosis (bluish discoloration of the skin due to low oxygen levels), altered level of consciousness, a hyperresonant percussion note on examination of the affected side with reduced expansion and decreased movement

287
Q

Narcotics

A

Producing stupor or sleep used to relieve pain

( codeine, oxycodone, heroin) feeling of relaxation

288
Q

Unified command

A

Several agencies work independently but cooperatively

289
Q

Visceral pain

A

From the organs within the abdomen, dull achy, cannot pinpoint specific location

290
Q

Extraperitoneal pace

A

Contains retroperitoneal space

291
Q

Hypovolemic shock

A

Shock resulting from blood loss or fluid loss ( hemorrhagic shock)

cold or clammy skin
pale skin
rapid, shallow breathing
rapid heart rate
little or no urine output
confusion
weakness
weak pulse
blue lips and fingernails
lightheadedness
loss of consciousness
292
Q

Uppers

A

Stimulants that affect the nervous system and excite the user
(Caffeine, amphetamines, cocaine)

Increased pulse and breathing rates, dry mouth, dilated pupils, sweating

293
Q

Cephal

A

Head

294
Q

Vesicular breath

A

Normal breath sounds do not indicate respiratory inadequacy

295
Q

In loco parentis

A

In place of a parent to give consent for care of a child

296
Q

Eclampsia

A

Seizures that occur during pregnancy
Eclampsia can follow a condition of high blood pressure and excess protein in the urine during pregnancy (preeclampsia).
Symptoms that signal an increasing risk of eclampsia include upper right abdominal pain, severe headache, and vision and mental status changes.

297
Q

Mediastinum

A

central compartment of the thoracic cavity, located between the two pleural sacs. It contains most of the thoracic organs, and acts as a conduit for structures traversing the thorax on their way into the abdomen.

298
Q

Priority 4

A

(Black)
Dead or fatally injured

Exposed brain matter
Cardiac arrest, no pulse for 20 min except for cold water drowning
No breathing no pulse

299
Q

Malar

A

Cheekbone on each side of the skull

zygomatic bone

300
Q

Infant vitals

A

Heart rate- 140-160

Respiratory- 40-60
30-40 after birth

Blood pressure (systolic)- 70 to 90

301
Q

Emergency move

A

Scene is hazardous, conditions require repositioning, must reach other patients

Move patient in direction of the long axis of body

302
Q

Subcutaneous layers

A

Layers of fat and soft tissue below the dermis

303
Q

Aortic injury

A

Largest artery in body, penetrating can cause direct damage that can result in massive and fatal bleeding

Chest pain/ abdominal differences
Different blood pressure in each arm

304
Q

Ataxic respirations

A

Irregular and unpredictable breathing resulting from (ICP)

305
Q

Decerebrate posturing (extending)

A

Extending the arms with the shoulders rotated inward and wrists flexed with legs extended

306
Q

Capillaries

A

Oxygen rich blood is emptied from arteries to capillaries which supply every cell in body

307
Q

Fontanelles

A

Soft spot on infants scalp, a

sunken fontanelle may indicate dehydration

Bulging fontanelle may indicate elevated (ICP)

308
Q

Battles sign

A

Bruising ( eccymosis) behind the ear, sign of cranial fracture

309
Q

Rule of nines

A

Adult- head-9 torso-9 abdomen-9
back- (upper 9) ( lower 9) arms-9 whole arm 4 1/2 front and back legs- front9 back9

Child- head- 18 Torso-18 Back-18 Arms- front4 1/2 back4 1/2 9 each legs- front7 back7

Infant- head-18 Torso-18 back- 18 Arms- 9 each
Legs- 14

310
Q

Thready pulse

A

Difficult to feel or obliterated easily with slight pressure

311
Q

If first on scene

A

First unit blocks incident by parking upstream(apparatus) to block crash from traffic ambulances should be parked downstream in a safe loading area past the accident

312
Q

AED

A

automated external defibrillator

Analyze heart rhythm should be attached only to patients in cardiac arrest ( pulseless) unresponsive

Shockable rhythms( ventricular fibrillation)
                                   Ventricular tachycardia

Non shockable rhythms (pulseless electrical activity
Asystole

Infants use a manual defibrillator patients under 8 use AED with pediatric dose attenuator

313
Q

Cholecystitis/ gallstones

A

Inflammation of the bladder, caused by gallstones pain in RUQ, may radiate to shoulders, worsened by ingestion of foods high in fat, and can abruptly end

314
Q

Hematechezia

A

Haematochezia is commonly associated with lower gastrointestinal bleeding, but may also occur from a brisk upper gastrointestinal bleed. The difference between hematochezia and rectorrhagia is that, in the latter, rectal bleeding is not associated with defecation; instead, it is associated with expulsion of fresh bright red blood without stools.

315
Q

Stroke (cerebral vascular accident) CVA

A

Death or injury of brain tissue that is deprived of oxygen. Artery in brain is blocked or ruptured disrupting the supply of oxygenated blood or causing bleeding into the brain ( rapid transport)

316
Q

Central rewarming

A

Application of heat to the lateral chest, neck, armpits and groin use for responsive patients

317
Q

Spontaneous pneumothorax

A

Spontaneous means there is no traumatic injury to the chest or lung. Primary spontaneous pneumothorax occurs in people without lung disease. It occurs most often in tall, thin, young people.
Sometimes people have a family history of this problem. People who have had one spontaneous pneumothorax are at higher risk of the same thing (on the same side or the other side) occurring again.

Spontaneous pneumothorax is a collection of air or gas in the space between the lungs and the chest that “collapses” the lung and prevents it from inflating completely.

318
Q

Axial loading

A

Compression injuries (diving)

319
Q

Ligaments

A

Connect bone to bone

320
Q

Treating seizures

A

Placing patient on ground or side to drain fluid, loosen restrictive clothing, protect patient from injury, but do not hold still, protect airway and suction if necessary, if cyanotic ventilate with supplemental oxygen

321
Q

Patient with chemical burns

A

Wash away chemicals with flowing water, if dry chemical brush away as much of the chemical as possible then flush the skin, continuous flooding of the area is required for 20 min, remove clothing and jewelry don not contaminate skin that has not been in contact with chemical

322
Q

Reassessment of vitals

A

Unstable patient every 5 min, stable patient 15 min

323
Q

How long can the brain be deprived of oxygen before developing irreversible brain damage

A

4-6 minutes

324
Q

Which of the following directly regulates the blood flow through the capillary beds

A

Capillary sphincter

325
Q

Three layers of the heart

A

epicardium (external layer), the the thin, transparent outer layer of the wall and is composed of delicate connective tissue.

myocardium (middle layer muscle tissue responsible for the pumping of the ventricles and the

endocardium (inner layer).

326
Q

Pericardium

A

Incloses the heart The pericardial sac has two layers, a serous layer and a fibrous layer. It encloses the pericardial cavity which contains pericardial fluid.

The pericardium fixes the heart to the mediastinum, gives protection against infection, and provides the lubrication for the heart.

327
Q

Pericardium

A

The pericardium (from the Greek περί, “around” and κάρδιον, “heart”) is a double-walled sac containing the heart and the roots of the great vessels. The pericardial sac has two layers, a serous layer and a fibrous layer. It encloses the pericardial cavity which contains pericardial fluid.

The pericardium fixes the heart to the mediastinum, gives protection against infection, and provides the lubrication for the heart.

328
Q

Pericardium

A

The pericardium (from the Greek περί, “around” and κάρδιον, “heart”) is a double-walled sac containing the heart and the roots of the great vessels. The pericardial sac has two layers, a serous layer and a fibrous layer. It encloses the pericardial cavity which contains pericardial fluid.

The pericardium fixes the heart to the mediastinum, gives protection against infection, and provides the lubrication for the heart.

329
Q

What is the compression rate for a 10-year-old male in cardiac arrest?

A

at least 100 compressions per min

330
Q

Anisocoria

A

condition whereby a person’s pupils are naturally unequal.

331
Q

Wheezing

A

pitched whistling sound made while breathing. Most commonly wheezing occurs during breathing out (expiration)

332
Q

Critical concepts of CPR

A

Start compressions within 10 seconds of recognition of cardiac arrest

Compress at a rate of 100 to 120
2 inches for adults
1/3 the depth of the chest about 2 inches for children
1/3 the depth of chest 1 1/2 for infants

Minimize interruptions

333
Q

What is the most common cause of cardiac arrest in children

A

Respiratory failure or shock

334
Q

Three components of CPR

A

Chest compressions

Airway

Breathing

335
Q

No normal breathing but has pulse

A

Provide rescue breathing

1 breath every 5-6 seconds or 10-12 breaths/min

Check pulse every 2 min

336
Q

Parts of the brain

A

Cerebrum- largest and most superior

Cerebellum- inferior to the cerebrum

Temporal and occipital lobes are parts of the cerebrum

337
Q

Basilar skull fracture

A

Often presents with raccoon eyes

338
Q

Activated Charcoal dosage

A

25 to 100 g orally adult

Administer aqueous suspension or as a slurry in water.
Single dose:
<1 year: 0.5 to 1 g/kg or 10 to 25 g orally or by nasogastric tube once
1-12 years: 0.5 to 1 g/kg or 25 to 50 g orally or by nasogastric tube once
13-18 years: Single-dose: 25 to 100 g orally or by

Emt (9 decks)

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