UNIT 2 : (2.6) Transport Systems In Animals Flashcards
What do are cells need a constant supply of?
Why?
Nutrients and oxygen for respiration and other cell processes
What must cells get rid of?
Why?
Wastes like carbon dioxide
Toxic if built up
How is nutrients transported in mammels?
Blood transports materials to and from cells
What does the circulatory system consist of?
Blood vessels - tubes
The heart - a pump
Blood - liquid
What does the circulatory system transport?
Nutrients
Gases
Wastes
Hormones
What is blood made up of?
Plasma 55%
Blood cells 45%
What is plasma?
Watery, yellowish fluid which contains various dissolved substances such as glucose and amino acids
What are the different types of blood cells and function ?
Red blood cells - transport oxygen
White blood cells - defending body against disease
Platelets - tiny cell fragments involved in clotting
What is plasma responsible for?
Transporting substances around the body to be delivered to cells that need them
What are red blood cells responsible for?
Transporting oxygen efficiency in the form of oxyhaemoglonin
What features of a red blood cell allow it to do its function?
Biconcave - more surface area for oxygen
Lack nucleus - more space for oxygen
Contains haemoglobin - binds to oxygen
What happens when red blood cells pass through the lungs?
Oxygen combines with haemoglobin in the red blood cells to form oxyhaemoglonin. It is then transported into the blood
What happens when a red blood cells reaches its target tissue?
Oxyhaemoglonin releases oxygen and becomes haemoblobin. Released oxygen is free to enter cells to be used
What is the equation for oxygen transport in red blood cells?
Haemoglobin + oxygen = oxyhaemoglonin
What is our immune system?
Network of cells, tissues and organs that work together to defend the body against attack
What are pathogens?
Disease causing micro-organisms
What are examples of pathogens?
Bacteria
Viruses
Fungi
What are white blood cells responsible for?
Destroying pathogens
A part of immune system
What are the two types of white blood cell?
Phagocytes
Lymphocytes
What organelles do white blood cells contain?
Nucleus
Cytoplasm
How do phagocytes destroy pathogens?
By engulfing and digesting them
What is the first stage in the action of phagocytes?
The phagocyte is chemically attracted to the pathogen
What is the second stage in the action of phagocytes?
The phagocyte engulfs the pathogen
What is the third stage in the action of phagocytes?
The pathogen contained within a vacuole is digested by enzymes contained within a structure called a lysosome
What is the forth step of the action of phagocytes?
The pathogen is destroyed
What is phagocytosis?
Powerful digesting enzymes within the vacuole digesting the pathogen
How do Lymphocytes help the immune system?
Help destroy pathogens by producing proteins called antibodies specific to the particular pathogen. Antibodies bind onto the antigens on the pathogen and destroy it
Why can be said about shape of antibodies?
Each antibody is specific to a particular pathogen as the antibody is complementary in shape to the proteins on the surface of the pathogen (antigens)
What type of circulatory system is in the human heart?
Double circulation - blood flows twice through the heart for each complete circuit
What can be said about the structure of the heart?
Two separate sides
Each side has 2 hollow Chambers
What are the four chamber of the heart?
Two atrium ( RA, LA) Two Venticles ( RV, LV)
Why does the heart have 4 valves?
To prevent the back flow of blood
What do the major blood vessels of the heart do?
- Carry blood into and out of the heart
- Connect to all parts of the body
- Veins return blood under low pressure back to the heart
- arteries take blood under high blood pressure away from the heart
Summarise the blood flow through the heart
Body (deoxygenated blood) - > Vena cova - > Right atrium - > right ventricle - > pulmonary artery - > lungs (oxygenated blood) - > pulmonary vein - > left atrium - > left ventricle - > aorta - > body
How is the heart blood supply provided?
Where is it seen?
Coronary arteries seen outside the heart
Where does the coronary arteries branch off?
Aorta
What is the function of capillaries?
Networks which carry blood through the tissues and allow the exchange of materials at a cellular level
What is the function and features of the artery?
- A vessel which carries blood away from the heart
- thick muscular wall and a narrow central channel
What is a pulse?
Blood forced along the arteries at a high pressure
What is the function and features of capillaries?
- They form networks at tissues and organs to allow efficient exchange of materials
- thin walled and large surface area ( allows diffifusion to take place)
What do capillaries join up to?
Join up into a vein to carry blood away from a tissue
What is the function and features of a vein?
- A vessel which carries blood back to the heart
- wall is thinner
- wider channels
- valves to prevent backflow of blood
- low pressure
What vessels and chamber contain oxygenated blood?
- left atrium
- left ventricle
- aorta
- pulmonary vein
Where are valves located?
Between the atria and ventricles
Pulmonary artery and aorta
