Unit 2 Flashcards
Glucose + Glucose
Maltose
Glucose + Fructose
Sucrose
Glucose + Galactose
Lactose
Glucose + Galactise + Fructose
Raffinose
Glucose + Galactise + Fructose
Raffinose
What are the three monosaccharides?
Glucose, Fructose, Galactose
What are the three Disaccharides?
Maltose, Sucrose, Lactose
What are the three Polysaccharides?
Starch, Fiber, Glycogen
What are the two Oligosaccharides?
Raffinose and Stachyose
What are the four main types of carbohydrates found in foods?
Starch, Fiber, Nutritive Sweeteners, Non-nutritive sweeteners
What type of bond does maltose have?
Alpha bond
What type of bond does sucrose have?
Alpha bond
What type of bond does lactose have?
Beta bond
What are the three functions of digestible carbohydrates?
Provide energy, sparing protein from use as an energy source, preventing ketosis
What are the four functions of indigestible carbohydrates?
Promoting bowel health, reducing obesity risk, better blood glucose control, reducing cholesterol absorption
What enzymes are used to digest carbohydrates?
Amylase and dextranase
What is gluconeogenesis?
When you do not consume enough carbohydrates, amino acids are used to form glucose.
A fatty acid with < 6 carbons is absorbed via the
portal system
A fatty acid with 6-10 carbons is absorbed via the
portal system
A fatty acid with > 12 carbons is absorbed via the
lymphatic system
What is diverticula?
Pockets that form in the intestines. Food gets stuck and inflamed.
A process involved in the synthesis of nonessential amino acids is called
transamination
Metabolic syndrome is characterized by:
Insulin resistance, hypertriglyceridemia, Hyperglycemia
What are the three functions of fats in the body?
- Store energy
- Insolate and cushion vital organs
- help transport essential nutrients in the bloodstream
What is the recommended daily intake of fat?
20-35%
What is the recommended daily intake of carbohydrates?
45-65%
What is the range for normal fasting blood glucose levels?
70-100mg/dL
How many double bonds do saturated fatty acids have?
None
How many double bonds do monounsaturated fats have?
One
What percentage of North Americans consume alcohol?
70%
Does hydrogenation remove or add hydrogen form carbon chains in fatty acids?
Ad
Do CIS fatty acids have hydrogens on the same or different side of the fatty acid?
Same
What are the three main classes of lipids?
Triglycerides, Phospholipids, Sterols
What is the structure of a Triglyceride?
3 fatty acids attached to 1 glycerol
How can fatty acid carbon chains vary?
- Number of carbons
- Extent of saturation with hydrogen
- Shape
What is a saturated fatty acid?
All bonds between the carbons are single
What is a monounsaturated fatty acid?
One double bond
What is a polyunsaturated fatty acid?
At least 2 double bonds
What is a Cis - fatty acid?
Hydrogens on same side of the carbon chain (bent)
What is a Tans - fatty acid?
Hydrogens found on opposite side of the carbon chain
What is hydrogenation?
Adds hydrogen to the chain of carbons in an unsaturated fatty acid; used by food manufacturers; becomes more saturated, straight, solid
What are essential fatty acids?
Fatty acids that we must obtain from our diet
What elements are in protein?
C, H, O, N, sometimes S
What is the structure of an amino acid?
Central carbon, nitrogen (amino) group, acid (carboxyl) group, hydrogen, side chain (R)
How many nonessential amino acids are there?
11
How many essential amino acids are there?
9
What are the essential amino acids?
histidine, Isoleucine, Leucine, Lysine, Methionine, Phenylalanine, Threonine, Tryptophan, Valine
What are some nonessential amino acids?
Alanine, Arginine, Asparagine, Aspartic acid, Cysteine, Glutamic acid, Glutamine, Glycine, Proline, Serine, Tyrosine
What is the recommended intake of protein?
10-35%
What are the eight functions of proteins?
- Producing vital body structures
- Maintaining fluid balance
- Contributing to Acid-Base balance
- Forming hormones, enzymes, and neurotransmitters
- Contributing to immune function
- Transporting nutrients
- forming glucose
- Providing energy
What is binge drinking?
4 or more drinks for women and 5 or more drinks for men