Final Exam!!!! Flashcards
What are the 6 classes of nutrients?
Carbohydrates, fats, proteins, vitamins, minerals, and water
What characteristics do the macronutrients share?
Nutrients that are needed in large amounts, gram quantities
Composed of hydrogen, oxygen, and carbon (organic) and supply energy
How are vitamins categorized?
Water-soluble and fat-soluble
How are minerals different from carbohydrates, lipids, protein, and vitamins?
Minerals are very simple inorganic substances, while the others are complex organic compounds
What are phytochemicals and zoochemicals?
Phytochemical: plant components in fruits, vegetables, legumes, and whole grains
Zoochemicals: components in animals
What does the term calorie mean?
Used to express the amount of energy in foods; it is the amount of heat energy it takes to raise the temperature of 1 gram of water 1 degree Celsius
How do calories, kilocalories, and kilojoules differ?
Calories are the same thing as kilocalories (kcal); many scientific journals express energy content of food as kJ, rather than kcals 1000 J = 1 kJ; 1 kcal = 4.18 kJ
How many calories are in a food that has 8 g carbohydrate, 2 g alcohol, 4 g fat, and 2 g protein?
90 calories
What type of food provides most of the protein in the diets of North Americans?
Animal sources such as meat, seafood, dairy products, and eggs, supple about two-thirds of the protein intake for most North Americans
Which types of carbohydrates do most North Americans need to increase in their diets?
Complex carbs such as vegetables and whole grains (bread)
Which vitamins and minerals do many North Americans need to increase in their diets?
Vitamin A, E, Iron, Potassium, and Calcium
What factors affect food choices?
~ Flavor, texture, appearance
~ Culture
~ Lifestyle
~ Routines and habits
~ Cost and availability
~ Environment
~ Food Marketing
~ Health/nutrition concerns, knowledge, beliefs
What is the difference between a sign and a symptom?
A symptom is a change in body function that is not necessarily apparent to a healthcare provider. A sign is a feature that can be observed.
How does undernutrition differ from overnutrition?
Undernutrition occurs when a nutrient intake does not meet nutrient needs, causing surplus stores to be used. Overnutrition occurs when more of a nutrient is consumed than the body can use.
What are the ABCDEs of nutritional assessment?
Anthropometric, biochemical, clinical, diet, environmental
What are 3 limitations of nutritional assessment?
- Many signs and symptoms are not very specific
- It can take a long time for signs and symptoms to develop
- A long time may lapse between nutritional deficiency and clinical evidence of a problem
What should you expect when you meet with a registered dietitian nutritionist?
~ Conduct a nutritional assessment
~ Diagnose a nutrition-related problem
~ Create an intervention
~ Monitor and evaluate progress
What is the role of genes?
Control the activities of the cell and determine which proteins are made
What are 3 chronic nutrition-related diseases with a genetic link?
Cardiovascular disease, diabetes, and cancer
What is a genogram?
A family diagram that depicts each member of the family and shows connections between the generations.
What elements are required for scientific research to be considered valid?
~ Clear and testable
~ Based on existing knowledge
~ Specific and measurable
What is the difference between single- and double-blind studies?
Single-blind ~ The patient does not know the treatment or placebo but the researcher does
Double-blind ~ Both the patient and the researcher does not know the group assignments
What is an animal model?
Non-human species used in biomedical research
What is a peer-reviewed journal?
When multiple professionals have reviewed the writing; usually in the same field