unit 2 Flashcards
dietary supplement
FDA considers SAFE until proven UNSAFE
- not intended to treat, diagnose, and prevent
what are dietary supplements regulated as?
food
types of dietary supplements
vitamins, minerals, amino acids, and herbs/botanicals
other names for dietary supplements
complementary and alternative medicines, natural products, nutraceuticals and phytochemicals
labeling requirements
- everything on drug facts label
- must say “supplement”
- serving size
- dietary ingredients
- amount per serving size
- percent daily value
quality issues
- manufacturing methods not standarized
- adulteration
are quality assurance programs voluntary?
yes
reasons to use dietary supplements
- recommended for condition
- nutrient deficiency
- failed other conventional therapies
- added to conventional therapies
what are the fat soluble vitamins?
A,D,E, and K
where are fat soluble vitamins stored?
stored in body tissue
what are the water soluble vitamins?
C and B
- must take daily for benefit
where are excess water soluble vitamins excreted?
excreted in urine
which vitamins are toxic if excess quantities are ingested?
A, D and E
common causes of pain
injury or overuse of bones, joints, skin and muscles
common triggers for headaches
Stress, fatigue, irregular sleep, hormones, odors, bright lights, barometric pressure, medications, dehydration, neck pain, exercise or lack of, smoking, missing a meal, alcohol, caffeine, artificial sweeteners, citrus fruits, and nuts
what is a medication overuse headache?
taking medication more than twice per week for more than 3 months causes headache 15 or more days out of the month
how to prevent medication overuse headache? and what can increase the risk?
avoid medications and caffeine use of more than 200mg can increase risk of these headaches
two types of pain
-noiceptive: injury or inflammation of bodily tissue causes throbbing, aching pressure-like
-neuropathic: nerve damage causes burning or tingling sensations
types of pain scales
- verbal pain intensity scale
- 0-10 numeric scale
-visual analogue scale
-wong baker FACES scale
types of headache
tension, sinus and migraine
tension headache
both sides of the head, diffuse ache, tightening, pressuring, and constricting
mild-moderate pain
gradual onset
sinus headache
face, forehead, eye sockets
pressure behind eyes or sinuses, dull pain
mild to severe pain
occurs during same time as sinus symptoms
migraine headache
one side of head
throbbing, pulsing
moderate to severe pain
sudden onset
RICE method
rest, ice, compression, elevation
- recommended 1-2 days after muscle spasms
- reduces swelling and pain
heat
use for muscle stifness or osteroarthritis
- may increase blood flow and reduce muscle spasms
- apply for 15-20 mins, 3-4 times a day
- do not use on swollen or inflammed areas
non medication approaches for headaches
ice packs, massage, accupuncture, headache diary
non medication treatments for fevers
rest, staying cool, hydration
OTC for pain
acetaminophen, NSAIDs, diclofenac gel, lidocaine, counterirritants, capsaicin, and salicylates
acetaminophen
analgesic (pain reducer) and antipyretic (fever reducer)
does not reduce inflammation
broken down in liver
safe for infants and pregnant women
NSAIDs
ibuprofen and naproxen
pain reducer and reduces inflammation
broken down in KIDNEY
take with food
caution in individuals with heart disease or high blood pressure
diclofenac gel
NSAID: anti inflammatory
- can be used on elbow, wrist, hand, foot or ankle
- do not apply to more than 2 body areas at the same time
lidocaine
local anesthetic
use for mild neuropathic or muscle pain
can cause allergic skin reactions
counterirritants
menthol, camphor or methyl salicyalte
- cooling sensation helps pain
- can cause skin burns
- camphor can be toxic in children if swallowed
capsacian
derived from chili peppers
- used for arthritis or nerve pain
- can cause skin burning, cough or runny nose
salicylates
- trolamine salicylate
- may have anti-inflammatory effect
OTC for headaches
acetaminophen, NSAIDs and caffiene
OTC for fevers
acetaminophen, NSAIDs
OTC for primary dysmennorhea
acetaminophen and NSAIDs
- NSAIDs are more effective
- heat and exercise are non medication options
OTC for PMS
NSAIDS
- diuretics
seeking medical care for pain
- pain higher than 6 on 0-10 pain scale
- more than 10 days
-pregnant - loss of bowel or bladder control
seeking medical care for headaches
- severe head pain
- longer than 10 days
- third trimester of pregnancy
- signs of infection
- migraine symptoms without previous diagnosis
seeking medical for fever in adults
- higher than 104 temp
- severe headache
- longer than 3 days
- signs of infection or impaired immune function
seeking medical care for fever in children
less than 2 years old with fever longer than 24 hours
- less than 3 months with fever higher than 100.4
- vomiting, diarrhea
-refuses to drink fluid
types of thermometers
rectal, temporal, tympanic, axillary
what is the gold standard thermometer
rectal
medications used for allergies
nasal irrigation, nasal steroids, nasal decongestants and antihistamines
nasal irrigation
utilizes saline solution and helps relieve stiffness
examples: NeilMed Rinse, Navage Nasal Care, Neti Pot
nasal steroids
reduces swelling and mucus in nasal passage
- can take days to weeks for full effect
examples: fluticasone, budesonide, triamicinolone, mometasone
side effects: itching, runny nose, congestion and sneezing
antihistamines
stop histamine release and helps dry up mucus
side effects: dry eyes, dry mouth, urinary retention, constipation and drowsiness
divided between 1st and 2nd generation
1st generation antihistamines
shorter duration of action, dosed every 4-6 hours
side effects: more sedating drowsiness and more dry mouth, dry eyes, and dry throat
examples: diphenhydramine, doxylamine, and chlorpheniramine
2nd generation antihistamines
longer duration of action, dosed once daily
examples: loratadine, certizine, and fexondadine
nasal decongestants
only used with severe allergies
only use for 3 days
side effects: nose irritation
examples: afrin, neosynephrine and benzederex
OTC for colds
decongestants, analgesics/antipyretics, lozenges/numbing sprays, and antihistamines
oral decongestants
blood vessel constriction, and decreases inflammation and swelling
examples: sudafed and sudafed PE
side effects: increased blood pressure, increased heart rate, and trouble sleeping
analgesics
treat pain
antipyretics
treat fever
max dosage per day of acetaminophen
4000mg
NSAID rules
take with food
side effects: bleeding and upset stomach
lozenges/numbing sprays
numbs throat
effects wear off quick
wait for numbing to wear off to eat, drink or chew gum
examples: ricola, luden’s, chloraseptic spray
antihistamines for cold
treat runny nose
medications for coughs
antitussives and protussives
antitussives
used for DRY cough
control/eliminate cough
example: dextromethorphan
protussives
used for WET cough
helps thin and loosen mucus
example: mucinex and robitussin
medications for eye conditions
lubricants/artificial tears, antihistamines, decongestants
lubricants/artificial tears
hydrates eyes and helps keep moisture in
side effect: blurred vision
decongestants/antihistamines for eye conditions
used for allergic conjuctivitis
seeking medical attention for allergies
if OTC medication doesn’t work after 2-4 weeks
children less than 12 years old
chronic underlying conditions
develop fever or trouble breathing
pregnant
seeking medical attention for cough
shortness of breath, difficulty breathing
cough that worsens over 3-5 days and lingers 2-3 weeks
thick green/yellow mucus
coughing blood
100.4 fever for 3+ days
pain with swallowing
seeking medical attention for colds
fever higher than 100.4 for more than a few days
shortness of breath
chest pain
infant younger than 3 months
pregnant
seeking medical attention
for eye conditions
symptoms last longer than 3 days
eye pain
chemical or trauma to eye
sudden vision loss/change
infections
causes of hair loss
hormones, stress, chronic illness, medications, dietary changes, genetics
hereditary pattern balndess
3-6 months of accelerated loss, than 6-18 months of no loss, then repeats
- affects more men
- can be self treated
minoxidili solution
allow 2-4 hours for drug to penetrate scalp
do not apply more than twice daily
5% only approved for men
minoxidili foam
wash hands in COLD water before applying
use fingertips to spread foam
seeking medical attention for hair loss
less than 18 years old
scaling/sunburn on scalp
autoimmune disease
recent discountinuation of contraceptives
hair loss with other known reason
women with sudden hair loss
loss of eyebrows or eyelashes
triggers of dandruff
oily skin
stress
cold, dry climates
yeast like fungus on scalp
prevention of dandruff
use mild shampoo
avoid sodium lauryl sulfate
limit hairstyling products
pyrithione zinc
antifungal properties
use daily for 1 week, then 2-3 times weekly for 2-3 weeks and then continue to control disorder
wait 3-5 minutes before rinsing
selenium sulfide
antifungal properties
use daily for 1 week, then 2-3 times weekly for 2-3 weeks and then continue to control disorder
wait 3-5 minutes before rinsing
- can cause hair discoloration and leave oily scalp
ketoconazole
antifungal
twice a week for 4 weeks, then once weekly
side efects: hair loss, skin irritation, abnormal hair texture, dry skin
coal tar
slows skin turnover
use twice a week
has staining agents
causes scalp to be sensitive to sunlight
salicylic acid
helps remove dead skin cells
use twice weekly
seeking medical attention for dandruff
less than 2 years old
no improvement after 2 weeks of OTC use
lice treatment
pyrethin, permethrin, and dimethicone
pyrethin
paralyzes and kills lice
apply to DRY hair
use in ages 2 and up
permethrin
paralyzes and kills lice
use on WET hair
use for head lice only
use for 2 months or older
dimethicone
coats lice and immobilizes them
apply to DRY hair
seeking medical attention for lice
presence of skin infections
on eyelids or eyebrows
more than 2 failed treatment attempts
allergic to ragweed
pregnant
OTC for ear wax buildup
carbamide peroxide 6.5%
- used to soften ear wax
- place 5-10 drops twice daily for 4 days
- wash out with bulb syringe
- use for 12 years or older
OTC for water clogged ears
isopropyl alcohol
- dries out external ear canal
- place 4-5 drops in affected ear
signs to avoid OTC for ear conditions
signs of infection
pain with ear discharge
dizziness
bleeding
tubes in ears
ruptured ear drums
vertigo
internal or external spinning sensations
treatments for veritgo
antihistamines
causes of vertigo
inflammation of vestibular nerve
irritation of inner ear
neurological conditions
medications that cause ear damage
risks of using Qtips
pushes wax back further and can puncture ear drum leading to infection
ear candling
can cause burns, risk of puncturing ear drum, and can push wax back further
