disease prevention and substance use Flashcards
types of vaccines
live attenuated, inactivated, toxoids, subunit, messenger RNA, and viral vector
live attentuated
weakened form of germ that causes disease
- long lasting immunity
what vaccines are live attenuated?
MMR, varicella, rotavirus, and smallpox
inactivated vaccine
killed version of germ that causes disease
- may require boosters
what vaccines are inactivated?
influenza, polio, rabies and hepatitis A
toxoids
toxin made by the germ that causes diseases
- may require boosters
what vaccines are toxoids?
diphtheria and tetanus
subunit
specific pieces of the germ that causes disease
- may require boosters
what vaccines are subunit?
COVID, shingles, RSV, whooping cough, meningitis, hepatitis B, HPV, HiB, Pneunococcal
messenger RNA
uses RNA to make protein of viral part to trigger immune response
- may require boosters
what vaccines are messenger RNA?
COVID 19 (Moderna and Pfizer)
viral vector
uses a different modified virus to deliver genetic information of the target virus to trigger immune response
- may require booster
what vaccines are viral vector?
COVID-19 (Johnson and Johnson)
what two vaccines are under development?
DNA Vaccines and Recombinant Vector Vaccines
DNA Vaccines
easy and inexpensive and has long lasting immunity
recombinant vector vaccines
act like natural infection, teach the body to fight the infection
herd immunity
resistance to spread a disease within a population that results from a sufficient level of individuals conferring immunity through vaccination
how often is influenza vaccination recommended for children over the age of 6 months?
annually
how often is influenza vaccination recommended for adults?
annually but there is a special formulation for adults over 65
how many doses of COVID vaccine does an unvaccinated individual get?
1 dose of Moderna or Pfizer-BioNTech vaccine or 2 doses of Novavax
how many doses of COVID vaccine does an previously vaccinated individual get?
1 dose of COVID-19 vaccine and administered at least 8 weeks after most recent vaccine
how many doses of COVID vaccine does an adult over 65 get?
same as others plus an additional dose at least 2 months after last dose
what does covid vaccine prevent?
post covid conditions and MIS
HPV vaccinations
prevents cancer and genital warts
side effects of vaccine adminstration
sore arm symptoms
itching around injection site
fever
RARE: febrile seizures and Guillan-Barre Syndrome
vaccine contriversies
contain high levels of mercury
causes autism
are linked to long-term health problems
major risk factors for chronic disease
poor nutrition
physical inactivity
tobacco use
excessive alcohol use
risk factors for heart disease
high blood pressure
high cholesterol
diabetes
obesity
risk factors for stroke
high blood pressure
high cholesterol
atrial fibrillation
diabetes
obesity
sickle cell disease
risk factors for diabetes
overweight or obese
age over 45
family history
gestational diabetes
ethnicity
COPD
smoking
genetics
environment
risk factors for kidney disease
high blood pressure
diabetes
obesity
past kidney damage
family history
older age
ethnicity
blood pressure screening
screens for heart disease and stroke
adults 18-39, screen every 3-5 years
adults over 40, screen annually
cholesterol screening
screens for heart disease and stroke
adults 20-75, screen every 5 years
hemoglobin A1C screening
screens for diabetes
adults 35-70 with BMI > 25: screen every 3 years
screen all adults over 45 and those with risk factors
other screenings for diabetes
fasting blood glucose, and height, weight, and BMI
lung function test
screens for COPD
serum creatinine and creatinine clearance
screens for kidney disease
hepatitis C blood draw
screens for hepatitis C
screen all adults at least once
bone density test
screens for osteoporosis and risk of bone problems
screen all women over 65
screen postmenopausal women under 65 with risk factors
depression screening
screen yearly for ages 12-21
breast cancer screening
optional yearly for women 40-44
yearly for women 45-54
women 55+, every 1-2 years
cervical cancer screening
pap smear every 3 years for women 21-29
every 3 years or hrHPV test for women 30-65
prostate cancer screening
PSA starting at age 50
for black men and family history, start at 40
colorectal cancer screening
colonscopy or DNA stool tests
screen at age 45
benefits of healthy weight
increases: mobility, social life, confidence, mood and energy, and fertility
decreases: blood pressure, diabetes, heart disease, stroke, osteoarthritis, and sleep apnea
strategies for healthy eating
diets, mindful eating and intuitive eating
immediate benefits of physical activity
sleep, less anxiety, and blood pressure
long term benefits of physical activtiy
brain health, heart health, cancer prevention, healthy weight, bone strength, balance and coordination
OTC Medication for Weight Loss
Alli (orlistat)
- prevents breakdown and absorption of fat
- take capsule up to 3 times per day with each meal containing fat
- 5% weight loss with diet and exercise
-side effects: diarrhea, oily stools, abdominal discomfort
OTC supplements for weight loss
garcinia cambogia
green coffee bean extract
bitter orange
raspberry ketone
hoodia gordonii
apple cider vinegar
how does weight loss supplements work?
by increasing metabolism or suppressing appetite
side effects of weight loss supplements
liver toxicity (garcinia cambogia)
increased blood pressure
heart rate
vasospasm
headaches
dental erosion (apple cider vinegar)
short term risks of alcohol consumption
injury, violence, alcohol poisoning, and risky sexual behavior
long term risks of alcohol consumption
heart disease, cancer, weakened immune system, dementia, depression or anxiety, social problems, and alcohol dependance
harm reduction
Drug use is going to occur
Drug use is complex
Abstinence is not the only way to be successful
People who use drugs should be provided with services and resources
Everyone should have a voice
Meet people where they are
Understand the factors that contribute to drug use/take the person in their environment
Do not minimize or ignore
IV drug use
most dangerous method
increased risk of blood borne disease and HIV
do not REUSE needles
snorting
make sure powder is finely crushed
alternate nostrils
use a straw
smoking
use pipe, stem or bong
use filter for crack
make sure everyone has a mouthpiece
opioid overdose symptoms
not moving and can’t be woken, slow or no breathing, choking, gurgling sounds or snoring, tiny pupils, clammy or cold skin, and blue lips and nails
how to use naloxone
Take deep breath and remain calm
Dial 911
Take out the first dose and spray into one of the nostrils
Check for a pulse and initiate CPR if needed
If no response after 2-3 minutes, administer second dose into other nostril
Stay until emergency services arrive
where to get naloxone
pharmacists can write a prescription and OTC at most pharmacies
- many local services have a supply
how does naloxone work?
by binding onto opioid receptors, kicking off and preventing opioid from binding and triggering overdose
