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Biology 311C Exam Prep > Unit 2 > Flashcards

Unit 2 Flashcards

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1
Q

Which of the following is the smallest biological structure that would most likely be visible with a standard research-grade light microscope

A

chloroplast

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2
Q

Which of the following is the most appropriate technique for observing and measuring the size of ribosomes in a eukaryotic cell?

A

transmission electron microscopy

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3
Q

Which of the following statements best describes one major difference between prokaryotic cells and eukaryotic cells?

A

Eukaryotic cells have membrane-bound organelles, while prokaryotic cells do not.

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4
Q

Which of the following structures is common to plant and animal cells?

A

mitochondrion

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5
Q

Which of the following statements best describes the function of the nuclear pore complex found in eukaryotic cells?

A

It regulates the movement of proteins and RNAs into and out of the nucleus.

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6
Q

Which of the following organelles often occupy the majority of the volume of a plant cell?

A

Central Vacuole

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7
Q

Which of the following structures is independent of the endomembrane system in eukaryotic cells?

A

chloroplast

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8
Q

An early step in the evolution of eukaryotic cells most likely involved which of the following events?

A

endosymbiosis of an oxygen-using bacterium in a larger bacterial host cell–the endosymbiont evolved into mitochondria

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9
Q

Researchers investigating the mechanism of vesicle transport assembled a cell-free system that included microtubules, vesicles, and ATP. However, they observed no movement of transport of vesicles because the mixture was missing which of the following components?

A

Motor Proteins

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10
Q

Which of the following statements describes a primary function of the middle lamella associated with plant cells?

A

It glues adjacent cells together

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11
Q

Miller and Urey

A

Replicates earths early atmospheric conditions with hydrogen, methane, ammonia, water, and electrons for lighting
-Able to form simple organic mole (simple sugars, amino acids)

-Simple molecules –> molecules–> polymers

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12
Q

Prokaryotes

A

-No Nuclei
-No Endomembrane
* No organelles (membrane-bound)
* Small
* DNA in nucleoid region - Center, not enclosed) (floating around)
* Circular DNA

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13
Q

Eukaryotes

A
  • Nucleus
  • DNA within Nucleus
  • Histones winds up DNA (compacts it)
  • Membrane-bound organelles (mitochondria, chloroplasts, golgi)
  • Larger
  • Linear DNA
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14
Q

Endomembrane System (collection of diff organelles to make sure the cells function properly)

A

Endoplasmic Reticulum
-Smooth- No ribosomes attached
-Rough- Does have ribosomes attached
* Golgi Apparatus
* Lysosomes
* Microbodies
* Vacuoles
* Plasma Membrane

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15
Q

How is endomembrane important

A

It increases surface area which allows you to have specialized functions and more space to do certain things.

-Organized, Inc surface area

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16
Q

Nucleus

A

Double membrane structure
* Stores chromosomes-genetic material
* Condensed version of chromatin
wrapped around histones- helps compact things in nucleus

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17
Q

Nucleus Pt2

A

~Site for DNA replication
~Transcription
Nucleolus: Creation of rRNA (important for ribosomes)
Nuclear Pores: Allows solutes in and out of nucleus
Nuclear Lamina: A lining inside of the nuclear membrane (keeps it up and strong)
Nuclear Pores: DNA Polymerase, RNA polymerase, DNA binding proteins,etc.
Nucleoplasm: Fluid inside the nucleus; suspension of DNA, RNA, proteins, etc

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18
Q

Ribosomes

A

Made up of RNA and proteins
* Synthesize proteins with their catalytic ability
* Cytoplasm (also found in Rough ER)
* Useful in translation (RNA- Protein)

19
Q

Smooth ER

A

synthesizes lipids
* partakes in metabolic pathways
* detoxifies
* stores calcium
* glucose storage and release

20
Q

Rough ER (Ribosomes attached)

A
  • Protein synthesis
  • Membrane bound proteins for secretion and modification
21
Q

Rough ER at work

A

RNA exits Nucleus and finds a ribosome (or rough ER). Then the ribosome is where you do translation. Once translation is complete (protein has been made) a protein will be put into a vesicle . Transported protein is now in our vesicle and can go either 2 ways
.1. Straight to cell membrane if modification is not needed
2. If protein needs to be modified you will go to Golgi - modifies 2 ways– Adds lipids; 2. Adds sugars
Once protein has been finished being modified, it goes to the cell membrane to be secreted out.

22
Q

Golgi Apparatus (Dictyosomes)

A

Sort proteins that were made in ER.
* Package into vesicles and ship them into the
target site
* Modifies Proteins
* Myristylation: adds lipids
* Glycosylation: adds oligosaccharides (sugars)

23
Q

Lysosome (organelles found in cells)

A

contains hydrolytic (breaks down diff molec) enzymes
* digests food
* phagocytosis (cellular eating)
* acidic pH (5.0) (helps food digest better)

24
Q

Microbodies (Single-Membrane)

A
  • Found in both plants and animals
25
Q

Peroxisomes

A
  • Lipid degradation
    – Peroxi detoxifies
26
Q

Glyoxysomes

A
  • Breakdown lipids and converts them to
    carbohydrates
27
Q

Vacuoles

A
  • stores organic and inorganic compounds
  • stores water
28
Q

Central Vacuole (only in plants)

A
  • large vacuole found in plants
    – very useful in storing mass quantity of compounds
29
Q

Food Vacuoles (Only in animals)

A

performs endocytosis

30
Q

Contractile Vacuoles (Only in Freshwater Protists)

A

removes excess water ( Contrasts and pushes the water out)
– helps in NOT exploding

31
Q

Mitochondria (Energy Organelles)

A

-Rod shaped
-Contains cristae, fold of inner membrane
-Does not contain photosynthetic pigments
-Found in all cells, plants and animals
-Involved in Aerobic Respiration- It uses oxygen (MAIN FUNCTION)

32
Q

Chloroplasts (energy organelles)

A

-Lens Shaped
-Contains stroma, Thylakoids and grana
-Contains photosynthetic pigments
-Only found in plant cells
-Involved in photosynthesis- it produces oxygen (MAIN FUNCTION)

33
Q

Cytoskeleton

A
  • Made up of proteins and help in cell structure
    and shape
34
Q

Dynein

A

> Slides microtubules past another one;
Used for cilia (respiratory)/flagella (sperm) movement

35
Q

Kinesin

A

Movement on microtubules; Used
for carrying cargo

36
Q

Microtubules

A

-Hollow tubes made of tubulin
proteins
-Largest (25nm)
-a-tubulin and b-tubulin
-ALL Eukaryotic Cells
-Motility, cell shape, chromosome
rearrangement, tracks for movement

37
Q

Microfilaments

A

-Solid rods of intertwining
strands
-Smallest (7nm)
-G-Actin & F-actin
-All eukaryotic cells, myosin in animal cells
-Motility, Shape and change, Muscle
contraction, Cytoplasmic streaming

38
Q

Intermediate Filaments

A

-Hollow tubes made up with heterogeneous
proteins
-The intermediate (8-10)
-Keratin proteins
-Almost in all eukaryotic cells
-Structural support

39
Q

Cells walls (Plants)

A

Cellulose, hemicellulose, cutin, pectin, tanin,
lignin
* Found in plants, fungi, protists, and some
bacteria.
* Cellulose can be degraded by Cellulase (found
in bacteria)

Made of : Cellulose
Degraded by: cellulase –> found in bacteria

40
Q

Inside Cell Membrane Out

A

Plasma Membrane→ Secondary Cell Wall→
Primary Cell Wall → Middle Lamella

41
Q

Fungal Cell wall

A
  • Chitin (NAG)
    – degraded by chitinase
  • created by plants
42
Q

Bacterial Cell Wall

A
  • NAM-NAG (Peptidoglycan)
    – degraded by lysozyme
43
Q

Protist Cell Walls

A
  • Long and short chain polysaccharides and silica
44
Q

Animal Cell junctions

A

-Extracellular Matrix (ECM)

-Tight= No movement
between cells

-Gap= Small Openings
between cells

-Desmosomes= Two cells
are connected by proteins
(anchoring junctions)

Biology 311C Exam Prep (10 decks)

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