Unit 2 Flashcards
Which of the following is the smallest biological structure that would most likely be visible with a standard research-grade light microscope
chloroplast
Which of the following is the most appropriate technique for observing and measuring the size of ribosomes in a eukaryotic cell?
transmission electron microscopy
Which of the following statements best describes one major difference between prokaryotic cells and eukaryotic cells?
Eukaryotic cells have membrane-bound organelles, while prokaryotic cells do not.
Which of the following structures is common to plant and animal cells?
mitochondrion
Which of the following statements best describes the function of the nuclear pore complex found in eukaryotic cells?
It regulates the movement of proteins and RNAs into and out of the nucleus.
Which of the following organelles often occupy the majority of the volume of a plant cell?
Central Vacuole
Which of the following structures is independent of the endomembrane system in eukaryotic cells?
chloroplast
An early step in the evolution of eukaryotic cells most likely involved which of the following events?
endosymbiosis of an oxygen-using bacterium in a larger bacterial host cell–the endosymbiont evolved into mitochondria
Researchers investigating the mechanism of vesicle transport assembled a cell-free system that included microtubules, vesicles, and ATP. However, they observed no movement of transport of vesicles because the mixture was missing which of the following components?
Motor Proteins
Which of the following statements describes a primary function of the middle lamella associated with plant cells?
It glues adjacent cells together
Miller and Urey
Replicates earths early atmospheric conditions with hydrogen, methane, ammonia, water, and electrons for lighting
-Able to form simple organic mole (simple sugars, amino acids)
-Simple molecules –> molecules–> polymers
Prokaryotes
-No Nuclei
-No Endomembrane
* No organelles (membrane-bound)
* Small
* DNA in nucleoid region - Center, not enclosed) (floating around)
* Circular DNA
Eukaryotes
- Nucleus
- DNA within Nucleus
- Histones winds up DNA (compacts it)
- Membrane-bound organelles (mitochondria, chloroplasts, golgi)
- Larger
- Linear DNA
Endomembrane System (collection of diff organelles to make sure the cells function properly)
Endoplasmic Reticulum
-Smooth- No ribosomes attached
-Rough- Does have ribosomes attached
* Golgi Apparatus
* Lysosomes
* Microbodies
* Vacuoles
* Plasma Membrane
How is endomembrane important
It increases surface area which allows you to have specialized functions and more space to do certain things.
-Organized, Inc surface area
Nucleus
Double membrane structure
* Stores chromosomes-genetic material
* Condensed version of chromatin
wrapped around histones- helps compact things in nucleus
Nucleus Pt2
~Site for DNA replication
~Transcription
Nucleolus: Creation of rRNA (important for ribosomes)
Nuclear Pores: Allows solutes in and out of nucleus
Nuclear Lamina: A lining inside of the nuclear membrane (keeps it up and strong)
Nuclear Pores: DNA Polymerase, RNA polymerase, DNA binding proteins,etc.
Nucleoplasm: Fluid inside the nucleus; suspension of DNA, RNA, proteins, etc
Ribosomes
Made up of RNA and proteins
* Synthesize proteins with their catalytic ability
* Cytoplasm (also found in Rough ER)
* Useful in translation (RNA- Protein)
Smooth ER
synthesizes lipids
* partakes in metabolic pathways
* detoxifies
* stores calcium
* glucose storage and release
Rough ER (Ribosomes attached)
- Protein synthesis
- Membrane bound proteins for secretion and modification
Rough ER at work
RNA exits Nucleus and finds a ribosome (or rough ER). Then the ribosome is where you do translation. Once translation is complete (protein has been made) a protein will be put into a vesicle . Transported protein is now in our vesicle and can go either 2 ways
.1. Straight to cell membrane if modification is not needed
2. If protein needs to be modified you will go to Golgi - modifies 2 ways– Adds lipids; 2. Adds sugars
Once protein has been finished being modified, it goes to the cell membrane to be secreted out.
Golgi Apparatus (Dictyosomes)
Sort proteins that were made in ER.
* Package into vesicles and ship them into the
target site
* Modifies Proteins
* Myristylation: adds lipids
* Glycosylation: adds oligosaccharides (sugars)
Lysosome (organelles found in cells)
contains hydrolytic (breaks down diff molec) enzymes
* digests food
* phagocytosis (cellular eating)
* acidic pH (5.0) (helps food digest better)
Microbodies (Single-Membrane)
- Found in both plants and animals
