Carbohydrates Flashcards

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1
Q

Condensation Synthesis

A

-Creating polymers by combining monomers by removal of -OH & -H, which forms water

-Atoms combine to form molecules → build macromolecules such as DNA/RNA, proteins, carbohydrates, & lipids - building blocks of life

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2
Q

Polymers

A

carbohydrates, lipids, & proteins - made from monomers by condensation synthesis

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3
Q

Hydrolysis

A

Breakdown of all polymers involves hydrolysis; breaks down polymers by adding -OH & -H from splitting water molecule

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4
Q

Macromolecules

A
  • proteins
  • nucleic acids
  • lipids
  • carbohydrates
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5
Q

Monosaccharides; C, H, O

A

building blocks of sugars; the monomers (single units) that make up complex carbohydrates w many units

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6
Q

Carbs

A

-essential to build storage molecules (starch) & structural molecules (cellulose)

-energy stored in chemical bonds of sugars is harvested by cells through respiration

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7
Q

aldoses— -C=O at end

ketoses— -C=O in middle

A

both have -OH group - can behave as aldehyde & alcohol or ketone & alcohol

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8
Q

-OH below the plane

A

alpha sugar

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9
Q

-OH above the plane

A

Beta sugar

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10
Q

Disaccharides

A

Formed by enzymes through condensation synthesis - to combine 2 monosaccharides through glycosidic linkages & forms water

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11
Q

1-4 linkage:

A

1 carbon linked to #4 carbon

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12
Q

1-2 linkage

A

1 carbon linked to #2 carbon

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13
Q

Polysaccharides

A

Structural polysaccharides

  • beta-1,4 linkage
  • cellulose (plants)
  • chitin (fungi & insects)
  • callose (plants)
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14
Q

Polysaccharides

A

Storage polysaccharides

  • alpha-1,4 linkage
  • starch (plants)
  • glycogen (animals)
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15
Q

Chitin

A

A modified structural polysaccharide in fungal cell wall & insect exoskeleton

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16
Q

Nam Nag

A

A modified structural polysaccharide in bacterial cell wall

NAM — N-Acetyl Muramic Acid

NAG — N-Acetyl Glucosamine

17
Q

Enzymes & Polysaccharides — Application

A

-fungi & bacteria make cellulase - enzyme that degrades cellulose - in plant cell walls - found in guts of termites & ruminants

-Chitinase is made by plants to defend against fungal infection - enzyme that breaks chitin - in fungal cell walls

  • saliva contains lysosome to degrade bacterial cell wall polysaccharides & amylase to break down starch
18
Q

Conceptual Carbohydates

A
  1. Several subunit molecules are used to synthesize each class of biological molecules.
  2. Condensation/dehydration reactions are used for the synthesis of biological molecules in cells while hydrolysis reactions break down biological molecules.
  3. A simple monosaccharide like glucose can be used to construct many chemically distinct oligosaccharides & polysaccharides.