Carbohydrates

Question 1

Condensation Synthesis

Answer 1

-Creating polymers by combining monomers by removal of -OH & -H, which forms water

-Atoms combine to form molecules → build macromolecules such as DNA/RNA, proteins, carbohydrates, & lipids - building blocks of life

Question 2

Polymers

Answer 2

carbohydrates, lipids, & proteins - made from monomers by condensation synthesis

Question 3

Hydrolysis

Answer 3

Breakdown of all polymers involves hydrolysis; breaks down polymers by adding -OH & -H from splitting water molecule

Question 4

Macromolecules

Answer 4

• proteins
• nucleic acids
• lipids
• carbohydrates

Question 5

Monosaccharides; C, H, O

Answer 5

building blocks of sugars; the monomers (single units) that make up complex carbohydrates w many units

Question 6

Carbs

Answer 6

-essential to build storage molecules (starch) & structural molecules (cellulose)

-energy stored in chemical bonds of sugars is harvested by cells through respiration

Question 7

aldoses— -C=O at end

ketoses— -C=O in middle

Answer 7

both have -OH group - can behave as aldehyde & alcohol or ketone & alcohol

Question 8

-OH below the plane

Answer 8

alpha sugar

Question 9

-OH above the plane

Answer 9

Beta sugar

Question 10

Disaccharides

Answer 10

Formed by enzymes through condensation synthesis - to combine 2 monosaccharides through glycosidic linkages & forms water

Question 11

1-4 linkage:

Answer 11

1 carbon linked to #4 carbon

Question 12

1-2 linkage

Answer 12

1 carbon linked to #2 carbon

Question 13

Polysaccharides

Answer 13

Structural polysaccharides

• beta-1,4 linkage
• cellulose (plants)
• chitin (fungi & insects)
• callose (plants)

Question 14

Polysaccharides

Answer 14

Storage polysaccharides

• alpha-1,4 linkage
• starch (plants)
• glycogen (animals)

Question 15

Chitin

Answer 15

A modified structural polysaccharide in fungal cell wall & insect exoskeleton

Question 16

Nam Nag

Answer 16

A modified structural polysaccharide in bacterial cell wall

NAM — N-Acetyl Muramic Acid

NAG — N-Acetyl Glucosamine

Question 17

Enzymes & Polysaccharides — Application

Answer 17

-fungi & bacteria make cellulase - enzyme that degrades cellulose - in plant cell walls - found in guts of termites & ruminants

-Chitinase is made by plants to defend against fungal infection - enzyme that breaks chitin - in fungal cell walls

• saliva contains lysosome to degrade bacterial cell wall polysaccharides & amylase to break down starch

Question 18

Conceptual Carbohydates

Answer 18

1. Several subunit molecules are used to synthesize each class of biological molecules.
2. Condensation/dehydration reactions are used for the synthesis of biological molecules in cells while hydrolysis reactions break down biological molecules.
3. A simple monosaccharide like glucose can be used to construct many chemically distinct oligosaccharides & polysaccharides.