Glycolysis

Question 1

Glycolysis

Answer 1

-Breakdown of sugar
-Occurs in the cytoplasm of all cells
-Complex carbs (starch, glycogen)→ Simple sugars (glucose and fructose)

Question 2

Things to note

Answer 2

-ADP and Pi are used to make ATP
-Electrons extracted during glucose oxidation are given to electron carrier NAD+ to make NADH
-2 phases:
~Energy investment: Steps 1-5 (2 ATPS used)
~Energy yielding: Steps 6-10 (4 ATPs made)

Question 3

Step 1

Answer 3

Glucose + ATP → Glucose 6-Phosphate + ADP (negatively charged. Cannot leave cell)

Question 4

Step 2

Answer 4

Isomerization of glucose 6-phosphate

Glucose 6-phosphate → Fructose 6-Phosphate

Question 5

Step 3

Answer 5

-Phosphorylation of Fructose 6-phosphate into Fructose 1, 6 bisphosphate by taking p from ATP

Fructose 6-phosphate + ATP → Fructose 1, 6- bisphosphate + ADP

-PFK (Phosphofructo Kinase)

-Key regulatory step and an important step to remember; key regulatory enzyme that can make glycolysis go faster, slowed or stop

-Stimulated by high levels of ADP and AMP
-Inhibited by high levels of ATP and citrate from Krebs cycle

Question 6

Step 4

Answer 6

Breakdown of Fructose 1, 6 Bisphosphate

Dihydroxy Acetone phosphate (DHAP) (Breakdown of fructose 1) + Glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate ( breakdown of 6 bisphosphate)

Question 7

Step 5

Answer 7

Reversible conversion of 2 trioses isomerization of DHAP into G3P

Dihydroxyacetone phosphate ←→ Glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate

Question 8

Step 6-10

Answer 8

Energy yielding phase making 4 ATP, 2 NADH, a 2 pyruvates

Question 9

Summary

Answer 9

-Electron shuttles
-Glycerol 3 phosphate makes FADH2
-Malate Aspartate makes NADH

Question 10

Net inputs and outputs

Answer 10

Glucose → 2 pyruvates → Acetyl CoA formation

2 ADP, 2 Pi → 2 ATP (Used)

2 NAD+ → 2 NADH→ Glycerol - 3 phosphate shuttle makes FADH2

2 NAD+ → 2 NADH→ Malate-Aspartate shuttle makes NADH (heart, liver)