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Biology 311C Exam Prep > Application; Sqaurecaps; Practice exams; HWs > Flashcards

Application; Sqaurecaps; Practice exams; HWs Flashcards

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1
Q

Which of the following bonds will break when you blow-dry wet hair?

A

H-bonds

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2
Q

When sodium with one electron and chlorine with seven electrons in their valence shells respectively interact, they will form

A

ionic bonds

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3
Q

Which of the following is the correct ranking of the three bonds and interactions in order from highest to lowest in terms of their bond strength between two side chains of a protein in their tertiary structure?
I. Disulfide (-S-S-) bond between two cysteines

II. Hydrophobic interactions between two leucines

III H-bonding in water

A

I, III, II

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4
Q

Which of the following molecules is the most polar?

A

CH3OH; The largely electronegative oxygen causes a dipole moment and creates a strong polarity within the molecule.

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5
Q

What is the chemical that can be found in your kitchen that will break down the bubbles and eliminate foaming?

A

Salt

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6
Q

Which of the following is the most important property of water to support life?

A

Reactant and medium

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7
Q

Even though H-bonding occurs in ammonia and ethanol, they cannot be used to replace water in living cells because

A

water is more polar; Compared to amonia and ethanol, water is more polar and may form H bonds. Additionally, water is a better solvent or can dissolve a wide variety of solvents that are employed by living cells.

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8
Q

When the pH of a Northern Lake, changed from 7 to 5 due to acid rain, the H+ ion concentration would _____________(increase or decrease) by _________ fold.

A

increase by 100 fold

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9
Q

Why is the pH range is from 0 to 14 for aqueous solutions?

A

This is because, in order to reach pH levels below 0 or above 14, one would require extraordinarily acidic or basic solutions,

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10
Q

Organic compounds are

A

carbon based compounds, generally derived from living organisms.

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11
Q

Which functional groups will make a good buffer?

A

Carboxyl, phosphate, and amine

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12
Q

an octane - an 8 carbon long hydrocarbon is

A

Highly non-polar and insoluble in water

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13
Q

Molecules containing hydroxyl (-OH) group are referred to as an/a

A

alcohol

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14
Q

If you want to design a drug that will easily enter the non-polar biological membrane, which of the following functional group would be the best to add to such a molecule?

A

methyl is non-polar and the more there are the more easily the drug will enter non-polar biological membrane.

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15
Q

Consider a starch consisting of 25 glucose molecules. The complete hydrolysis of this polysaccharide would result in the production of

A

Complete breakdown would yield the number of monomers that make up the starch. In this case 25 glucoses.

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16
Q

Simple sugars mostly contain C, H and O in the ratio of

A

Simple carbohydrates have CH2O ratio of 1:2:1 of C, H and O

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17
Q

The molecule of glucose (shown below) when dissolved in water will behave as

A

When sugars such as glucose when dissolved in water will form ring structures allowing only -OH groups to exposed. This makes it an alcohol.

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18
Q

We are able to digest starch but not cellulose because we

A

we humans don’t have enzymes that can break down cellulose. We have enzymes that can hydrolyze the alpha-glycosidic linkages of starch but not the beta-glycosidic linkages of cellulose

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19
Q

Which of the following element will not label the polysaccharide NAM-NAG (N-acetyl muramic acid-N-acetyl glucosamine) in the bacterial cell wall?

A

Phosphorus; Polysaccharides and sugars in general do not contain the element phosphorus or sulfur. Only proteins have sulfur and DNA/RNA have phosphorus. Sugars contain hydrogens, carbons and oxygens and in this particular question, nitrogen.

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20
Q

Which of the following molecule will have the molecular formula C12H22O11?

A

A disaccharide; Sucrose

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21
Q

How do you know John is lactose intolerant?

A

If his glucose level stays the same then we know it due to his lactose intolerance.

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22
Q

Which of the following bonds would strengthen storage polysaccharides in dry grains in addition to covalent bonds?

A

H bonds/ Van der Waals forces

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23
Q

Lipids in general are

A

hydrocarbons that are non-polar.

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24
Q

Which of the following lipids are generally considered as neutral or non-polar lipids?

A

Fats, Steroids, Carotenoids, waxes

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25
Q

Which functional groups differentiates testosterone from estradiol?

A

Carbonyl group substitutes the hydroxyl group. It is also missing a methyl group.

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26
Q

Which of the following elements are present in all types of lipids including steroids and carotenoids?

A

Carbon and Hydrogen

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27
Q

As the saturation of fatty acid increases due to the enzyme saturase activity, the melting temperature (Tm) of such modified fatty acid will

A

increase; Saturation leads to more compaction and hence higher Tm

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28
Q

The plants growing in colder weather tend to have more of _____________________ fats in their cell membrane

A

Unsaturated; Don’t want to become solid; Function of membrane: selective permeability. maintain optimal fluidity

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29
Q

Which part of the phospholipids will be exposed if they are suspended in a solvent such as cyclohexane (C6H12) shown below.

A

The hydrophobic tail; Hydrophobic tails being non-polar will be exposed when dissolved in an organic solvent. Cyclohexane is a hydrocarbon and is an organic solvent . The Phospholipids will expose the non-polar tails out and the polar head will avoid contacting the solvent.

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30
Q

How does cholesterol moderate fluidity at varying temperatures?

A

Cholesterol functions as a buffer, preventing lower temperatures from inhibiting fluidity and preventing higher temperatures from increasing fluidity. at high temperatures, cholesterol acts to stabilize the cell membrane and increase its melting point; while at low temperatures, it inserts into phospholipids and prevents them from interfering with each other to avoid aggregation

31
Q

Which of the following is NOT a function of proteins?

A

Serve as genetic material to pass information to next generation; Proteins cannot replicate and serve as genetic material

32
Q

What will be the resulting product(s) of the following condensation synthesis reaction?

A

Water and Dipeptide released in condensation synthesis of polymers.

33
Q

A protein is made of 100 amino acids. How many peptide bonds are in this protein?

A

99 bcs n-1 (100-1)

34
Q

What will be the interaction between the side chains of leucine and isoleucine (both contain only -CH3 in side chain) within a protein surrounded by an aqueous solution?

A

Hydrophobic interactions are the primary form of intermolecular interaction between nonpolar molecules. Leu and Ile are nonpolar.

35
Q

An Amino acid with -NH3+ on its side chain will interact with another amino acid with -COO- in its side chain through _________________ . Answer only the side chain interaction.

A

Ionic bonds; A positively charged amine group and negatively charged carboxyl group will interact through ionic bond.

36
Q

If a mutation in the DNA resulted in changing a critical amino acid from valine (with -CH3 in side chain) to serine (with -OH in side chain), it will make the new amino acid to be on the _______________ part of soluble protein inside cytoplasm.

A

exterior; polar molecules will be on the outside that faces the aqueous environment.

37
Q

What is the minimum number of cysteine residues with one –SH group in each, in this RNase A?

A

8; Ribonuclease A (RNase A) contains 4 disulfide bonds (-S-S-) making it stable.

38
Q

Which of the following is used to label (tag) nucleic acids but not proteins?

In other words, which of the following element is present in nucleic acids and not in proteins?

A

Phosphorus; Phosphorus is present in DNA and RNA but not in proteins.

39
Q

What is the building block (monomer) of the molecule shown above?

A

It is a nucleic acid DNA with 4 nucleotides connected through phosphodiester linkage

40
Q

Which of the following, if changed significantly, would affect all the others?

A

DNA

41
Q

Which of the following structure is held together by H-bonds and Van Der Waals forces?

A

Complementary base pairing of DNA double helix; The two strands need to be able to separate, so H-bonds hold them together while also allowing them to easily separate.

42
Q

What type of bonds are holding these nucleotides together?

A

Phosphodiester bond; Phosphodiester bonds connect the nucleotides in each strand of DNA

43
Q

Proteins cannot replicate but DNA can replicate because DNA can form _________________________________ that is not possible by proteins

A

complementary base pairs

44
Q

Proteins can catalyze reactions while DNA cannot because proteins have______________________ which is not present in DNA.

A

amino acids

45
Q

How many molecules of water are needed to completely hydrolyze a polysaccharide that is 10 monomers long?

A

9

46
Q

The molecular formula for glucose is C6H12O6. What would be the molecular formula for a molecule made by linking three glucose molecules together by dehydration reactions?

A

C18H32O16

47
Q

Hydrogenated vegetable oil is the primary ingredient in margarine. How does hydrogenated vegetable oil differ from nonhydrogenated vegetable oil?

A

Hydrogenated vegetable oil is solid at room temperature, whereas nonhydrogenated vegetable oil is liquid.

48
Q

What structural feature makes the 20 common amino acids different from one another?

A

different side chains (R groups) attached to an α carbon

49
Q

What maintains the secondary structure of a protein?

A

hydrogen bonds between the amino group of one peptide bond and the carboxyl group of another peptide bond

50
Q

A disulfide bridge is an example of which type of bond?

A

covalent bond between R groups

51
Q

In a normal cellular protein, where would you expect to find a hydrophilic amino acid such as asparagine?

A

on the exterior surface of the protein, interacting with water

52
Q

Which of the following is a correct monomer/polymer pairing?

A

amino acid/polypeptide

53
Q

Which of the following statements about the 5’ ends of RNA polymers is correct?

A

The 5’ ends have phosphate groups attached to the number 5 carbons of ribose.

54
Q

Investigating the molecular structure of DNA in order to understand the chemical basis of inheritance is an example of which approach utilized in the study of biology?

A

reductionism

55
Q

Which of the following represents the correct hierarchy of biological organization from large scale to smaller scale?

A

biosphere → ecosystems → communities → populations → organisms

56
Q

The chemical behavior of an atom depends primarily upon which of the following?

A

the number of electrons in the valence shell

57
Q

Nitrogen (N) is much more electronegative than hydrogen (H). Which of the following statements about the atoms in ammonia (NH3) is correct?

A

Each hydrogen atom has a partial positive charge; the nitrogen atom has a partial negative charge.

58
Q

The most stable interaction between magnesium (atomic number 12) and chlorine (atomic number 17) forms which of the following molecules?

A

MgCl2, in which atoms are joined by ionic bonds

59
Q

Why does ice float in liquid water?

A

Hydrogen bonds stabilize and keep the water molecules of ice farther apart than the water molecules of liquid water.

60
Q

Glucose has a molecular mass of 180 g/mol. How many glucose molecules are present in 100 grams of glucose?

A

(100/180) × 6.02 × 10^23

61
Q

A 0.01 M solution of a substance has a pH of 2. What can you conclude about this substance?

A

It is a strong acid that ionizes completely in water.

62
Q

If the pH of a solution is increased from pH 5 to pH 7, it means that the

A

concentration of H+ is twice (2×) what it was at pH 5.

63
Q

CO2 absorbed by the oceans combines with water to form H2CO3. Which of the following will result from increasing the concentration of H2CO3 in the oceans?

A

Ocean pH will decrease.

64
Q

Proteins are made of aminoacids and contains all types of bonds namely, covalent, ionic,
H-bonds, hydrophilic/phobic interactions and Van der Walls forces. Predict the changes
in various bonds within these proteins upon exposure to various pH and temperature
increases.

A

-Increase in temperature provides more energy to break bonds
-Changes inpH will primarly affect H-bonds and ionic bonds; drastic pH changes will affect
covalent bond
-The weaker bonds will break first (Van der waals, hydrophilic/phobic) because less energy is
required to break them
-The stronger bonds will break last (Covalent)

65
Q

Define polarity in a molecule and list examples of molecules that are polar, non-polar or both. How can a molecule that is both polar and non-polar(phospholipid) facilitate the formation of a membrane in an aqueous environment?

A

Polarity
-Electronegativity differences between atoms
-Uneven electron distribution
-Structural asymmetry
Polar (hydrophilic, loves water) H20, NH33, glucose (has a hydroxyl group)
Nonpolar (hydrophobic, Hates water): CH4, CO2, O2
Amphipathic (polar and nonpolar): phospholipids
-Polar hydrophobic phosphate head attracts water (stays outside)
- Non polar hydrophobic fatty acid tail repels water (stays inside)
-Forms cellular membranes

66
Q

Rank the strengths of chemical bonds and interactions (individually) within a molecule
(intramolecular) and between molecules (intermolecular).

A

Intermolecular
-Ionic > H-bonds> hydrophilici/phobic >Van der Wals
Intramolecular (Within a molecule)
-Covolent > Ionic > H-bond >hydrophilici/phobic >van der waals
Bond examples
-Ionic- Nacl
-Covalent- Peptide bonds
-Hydrogen bond- Water (fon home)
-Hydrophilic/phobic interactions- membrane formation, phospholipid
-Van der Waals- ANYTHIING

67
Q

PH Balances

A

<7 is acidic
7 is neutral
>7 is basic

68
Q

Organize the functional groups as strongly, moderately and weakly polar and non-polar
with specific examples

A

Strongly Polar
-Carboxyl (-COOH)
-Amine (-NH2)
-Phosphate (-PO4/-PO3)
Moderately polar
-Hydroxyl (-OH)
-Carbonyl (=CO)
Weakly Polar
-Sulfhydryl (-SH) (also called thiol)
Nonpolar
-Methyl (-CH3) (Carbon, hydrogen has minimal electronegativity difference)

69
Q

Draw an amino acid and show how the changes in pH will alter the ionizations of the
same. Which form is commonly found at cellular pH?

A

Zwitterion (has +/- charge so neutral; cellular pH is NEUTRAL!!!)

70
Q

Carbohydrates

A

C, H, O, Some N; Monosaccharides; hydroxyl, Carbonyl, and Methyl in their monomers; Monosaccharides, Disaccharides, Polysaccharides; examples: Sucrose, Maltose, Lactose

71
Q

Lipids

A

C, H, some O, P; Fatty Acids and Isoprene
Units; Methyl, Carboxyl, Phosphate in monomers; Fats and Oils, Phospholipids, Steroids ; Examples: Cholesterol, Testosterone, Estradiol

72
Q

Proteins

A

C, H, O, N, S; Amino Acids; Hydroxyl, Methyl, Carboxyl, Sulfhydryl, Amine in monomers; Secondary, Tertiary, and Quaternary structures; Examples: Hemoglobin, Collagen, Rubisco

73
Q

Nucleic Acids

A

C, H, O, N, P; Nucleotides; Amines, Methyl, Phosphate, Hydroxyl in monomers; DNA and RNA; Examples: ATP, DNA, tRNA, mRNA
tRNA

Biology 311C Exam Prep (10 decks)

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