UNIT 2 Flashcards
How many people die from CVD?
Around 928,700
True or False: CVD is the leading cause of permanent disability
True
Has CVD mortality declined since the 1960s? Why or why not?
Yes, because of changes in lifestyle, pharmacology, knowledge of warning signs and better medical care.
What does CHD/CAD lead to?
Myocardial infarction AKA a heart attack
How many Myocardial infarctions are there every year?
around 800,000–> 600,000 are first time, and 200,000 are recurrent
How many die within one hour of the onset of symptoms of a heart attack?
225,000
How many myocardial infarctions take place at home?
75%
Cerebrovascular Disease often results in what?
A stroke or cerebrovascular accident (CVA)
How many CVA’s are there each year?
800,000
What is the mortality rate of CVA?
160,264
What is ischemia?
Inadequate blood flow where the supply is less than the oxygen demand
What is occlusion?
The state of being closed. could be total or partial
What is stenosis?
A narrowing of a vessel
What is perfusion and reperfusion?
Perfusion is the blood flow to the tissues. Reperfusion is the restoration of blood flow
What is arrhythmia?
Irregular rhythm of the heart/disorders of heart rhythm
What is bradycardia?
When the heart beat is slow <60 bpm
What is tachycardia?
A fast heart beat >100 bpm
What is the underlying disease causing the vast majority of heart attacks?
Coronary Heart Disease (CHD) also known as Coronary artery disease (CAD)
What does congenital mean?
Present at birth
Infarction is an area of
necrosis (tissue death)
Break down the word Coronary thrombosis
Coronary= blood vessels of the heart
thrombus= blood clot
Embolus = “wandering” clot
What is the main underlying cause for coronary occlusion
Atherosclerosis (AS)
What is atherosclerosis (AS)
AS is the build up or accumulation of plaque within the arterial wall
What is a classic symptom of CHD?
Angina pectoris
What is angina pectoris?
Caused by ischemia, reduced blood flow to the heart
What are the signs of a heart attack?
Chest discomfort, upper body discomfort in one or both arms, back, neck jaw, upper part of stomach, Shortness of breath, nausea, vomiting, light headedness or dizziness, cold sweat, sleep problems, fatigue, or lack of energy
What is thrombolysis?
The term given to breaking up a thrombus.
What is PCI?
Percutaneous coronary intervention- used to unclog arteries
Definition for Arteriosclerosis
General term used to describe thickening and hardening of arteries
Definition of Atherothrombosis?
emphasizes that the processes of atherosclerosis and thrombosis are interrelated.
Heart valves maintain a unidirectional or multidirectional blood flow?
unidirectional
The channel for flow of blood within an artery is called the
Lumen
Which system carries blood away from the heart? What 4 things is it made up of?
Arterial system, aorta, arteries, arterioles, capillaries
Which system returns blood to the heart? What are the three parts?
Venous system, venules, veins, vena cava
What does the endothelium protect against? What are the two things that it produces?
The endothelium protects against the development of atherothrombosis and produces nitric oxide (vasodilator), and plasminogen (inhibits thrombosis formation)
True or False: There is no evidence to suggest that the incidence of atherosclerosis bears any relation to the concentration of cholesterol in the blood.
False. There is evidence to suggest that atherosclerosis does bear relation to the concentration of cholesterol in the blood
What is Dyslipidemia?
an abnormal amount of lipids (ex. cholesterol) in the blood. Further defined by the presence of elevated levels of LDL and triglycerides, or low levels of HDL.
Cholesterol is essential for:
Cholesterol is essential for the manufacture of hormones, bile acids, and cell membranes
Can cholesterol be produced without adding it to the diet?
Yes, cholesterol can be produced without adding it to the diet.
What are the two ways cholesterol can be produced?
Endogenous- produced by the body, and exogenous- from the diet.
What is the mean production of cholesterol in the body?
The mean production of cholesterol in the body through the endogenous process is 1,000 mg a day
What is the mean intake from the diet for cholesterol?
In the exogenous form of intake from cholesterol, the mean intake is 290 mg per day
True or False: High cholesterol is a critical risk factor for CHD.
True: High cholesterol is a critical risk factor for CHD.
A 1 mg decrease in HDL increases the risk for men and women by what?
A 1 mg decrease in HDL increases the risk of CHD by 2% in men, and 3% in women
What 2 types of of lipoproteins are atherogenic?
LDL (low density lipoprotein) and VLDL (very low density lipoprotein).
What is the type of lipoprotein at is considered to be anti-atherogenic?
HDL- High density lipoprotein. This carries excess cholesterol away from the arterial wall
What is the equation used to find total cholesterol?
TC= VLDL+ LDL + HDL
What equation do you use to find the amount of non-HDL cholesterol?
VLDL+ LDL
What is the prevalence percentage for dyslipidemia?
30%
Give the total cholesterol numbers that fit within each category for total cholesterol
Desirable, Borderline High, and high
Desirable = <200 mg/dL = desirable
Borderline high= 200-239 mg/dL
High= > or equal to 240 mg/dL
Give the categories for rating LDL and the numbers associated with them
Optimal= <100 mg/dL
Near optimal/above optimal= 100-129 mg/dL
Borderline high= 130-159 mg/dL
High= 160-189 mg/dL
Very high = > or equal to 190 mg/dL
Give the categories and numbers for each for HDL
High HDL= > or equal to 60 mg/dL
Low LDL= Less than 40
Give the categories for Triglycerides and the numbers for each
Normal= <150 mg/dL
Borderline High= 150-199 mg/dL
High= 200-499 mg/dL
Very high= > or equal to 500
Give the ratio for total cholesterol
Less than or equal to 3:1 = optimal
More than or equal to 5:1 = high risk
What are three ways to increase HDL
Aerobic exercise, stop smoking and moderate alcohol consumption
What are ways to decrease LDL?
Reduction in dietary saturated fats, and reduction in weight, increase in dietary polyunsaturated, mono-saturated fatty acids and soluble fiber.
How does Saturated fat and cholesterol affect LDL and HDL levels?
Saturated Fat= increase in LDL, no effect in HDL
Cholesterol= Increase in LDL, no affect in HDL
How does trans fatty acid affect LDL and HDL?
Increases LDL and decreases HDL
How does polyunsaturated and monosaturated fat affect HDL and LDL?
Polyunsaturated fat decreases both LDL and HDL
Monounsaturated fat decreases LDL and doesn’t have an effect on HDL
How does soy protein and soluble fiber have an affect on HDL and LDL?
Soy protein decreases LDL and keeps HDL the same
Soluble Fiber decreases LDL and keeps HDL the same
True or False: Alcohol Lowers LDL and increases HDL
False: Alcohol keeps LDL the same, and increases HDL
What is the percentage of Americans currently taking at least one prescription medicine?
55%
Lipoproteins transport/carry cholesterol throughout the body. Because of this, lipoproteins may be called:
carrier mechanisms
What organ regulates the body’s production of cholesterol?
the liver
